Page 66 - Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering

54 Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering

Table 2-8
Heavy Metal Concentrations
of Produced Solids
Metal Total (ppm, wt)

Antimony 11
Arsenic 105
Barium 326
Beryllium <1
Cadmium <1
Chromium 93
Cobalt 10
Copper 64
Lead 22
Mercury 5
Molybdenum 16
Nickel 176
Selenium <1
Silver 1
Thallium 17
Vanadium 27
Zinc 214
Fluoride 76
Source: from Cornwell, 1993.
Copyright SPE, with permission.

water injection wells, and as a component of water-based hydraulic
fracturing fluids.

2.2.7 Radioactive Materials

Many drilling sites and production facilities have radioactive mate-
rials associated with them. Some of these radioactive materials,
primarily radioactive tracers or logging tools, are deliberately brought
to the site for use, while other materials are naturally occurring and
are called naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM).

Radioactive Sources and Tracers

Radioactive sources are used primarily during logging with wire-
line tools. Both gamma ray and neutron sources are available. These