Page 241 - Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook

LOADS AND HAZARDS: THEIR NATURE, MAGNITUDE, AND CONSEQUENCES 7.25

FIGURE 7.19 Loma Prieta earthquake damage, Westonville, California. (Credit: C. Stover,
U.S. Geological Survey.) (Source: Geologic Hazards Photos, a compilation by the National
Geophysical Data Center of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.)

FIGURE 7.20 Failure of end wall during Northridge earthquake. (Credits: Degenkolb Engineers.)

opposite beam ends, and the length of bearing is insufficient to accommodate the resulting
movements.
Differential foundation movements also damage buildings during earthquakes.
Consolidation and liquefaction sometimes cause foundations to displace vertically. Foundation
elements that are not adequately tied together may separate during an earthquake. Certainly,