Page 236 - Foundations of Cognitive Psychology : Core Readings

The Auditory Scene 241

have a distant early warning system. The reader might be tempted to object
that light too goes around corners. Although it does not bend around, in the
way that low-frequency sound does, it often gets around by reflection; in effect,
it bounces around the corner. But notice what a difference this bouncing makes
in how we can use the light. Although the bounced-around light provides illu-
mination that allows us to see the shapes of things on our own side of the
corner, unless it has been bounced by means of mirrors it has lost the shape
information that it picked up when it reflected off the objects on the opposite
side. Sound is used differently. We use it to discover the time and frequency
pattern of the source, not its spatial shape, and much of this information is
retained even when it bends or bounces around the corner.
This way of using sound has the effect, however, of making acoustic events
transparent; they do not occlude energy from what lies behind them. The au-
ditory world is like the visual world would be if all objects were very, very
transparent and glowed in sputters and starts by their own light, as well as
reflecting the light of their neighbors. This would be a hard world for the visual
system to deal with.
It is not true then that our auditory system is somehow more primitive sim-
ply because it does not deliver as detailed information about the shapes, sizes,
and surface characteristics of objects. It simply has evolved a different function
and lives in a different kind of world.
What of echoes? We never discuss echoes in light because its speed is so fast
and the distances in a typical scene are so small that the echo arrives in syn-
chrony with the original signal. Furthermore, in vision we are usually inter-
ested in the echoes, not the original signal, and certainly not in integrating the
two into a single image. Light bounces around, reflecting off many objects
in our environments, and eventually gets to our eyes with the imprint of the
unoccluded objects still contained in it. Because the lens-and-retina system of
the eye keeps this information in the same spatial order, it allows us access to
the information about each form separately. Echoes are therefore very useful in
specifying the shapes of objects in vision because the echoes that come off dif-
ferent surfaces do not get mixed together on the way to our eye.
The case is otherwise in audition. Because our ears lack the lenses that could
capture the spatial layout of the echoes from different surfaces, we are usually
interested in the source of sound rather than in the shapes of objects that have
reflected or absorbed it. The individual spatial origins of the parts of a reflected
wave front are barely preserved at all for our ears. Therefore, when the sound
bounces off other objects and these echoes mix with the original signal, they
obscure the original properties of the sound. Although echoes are delayed
copies and, as such, contain all the original structure of the sound, the mixing
of the original and the echo creates problems in using this redundant structural
information effectively.
The two senses also make different uses of the absorption of energy by the
environment. The fact that different objects absorb light in different ways gives
them their characteristic colors and brightnesses, but this differential absorption
is not as valuable in hearing because our ears cannot separate the reflections
from small individual objects. We do hear the ‘‘hardness’’ or ‘‘softness’’ of the
entire room that we are in. This corresponds to the color information carried in