Page 310 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

276 From smart grid to internet of energy

IEEE 802.3: This IEEE standard has been presented in 1985 as Ethernet
standard specifying CSMA/CD MAC protocol with 10 Mbps bandwidth. Sev-
eral revisions have been published and Ethernet versions defined regarding to
the bandwidth. The prominently improved versions are IEEE Std 802.3u fast
Ethernet at 100 Mbps, IEEE Std 802.3z Ethernet over Fiber-Optic at 1 Gbps,
IEEE Std 802.3ae Ethernet at 10 Gbps, IEEE Std 802.3af Power over Ethernet
(PoE), and IEEE 802.3az Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE). The Ethernet tech-
nology is much more spread in industrial applications at any level of automation
systems communication. IEEE 802.3az amendment that is introduced in 2010
has provided an optional power saving feature among other IEEE 802.3 stan-
dards. It provided to achieve power saving method called low power idle
(LPI) mode during periods of low network traffic that enables power save
for devices. The industrial applications of Ethernet enhanced the use and growth
of this standard that real-time Ethernet (RTE) has been accepted as real-time
communication method in automation and industry applications. The regular
transmission rate of 100 Mbps has been increased to 1 Gbps and up to 10 Gbps
with 1GBASE-T and 10GBASE-T [46].
Cellular Technologies (GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A): The most recent mid-
dleware of IoT are based on smart phone applications in the context of M2M
communication that refers to data transmission between machine type commu-
nication (MTC). The cellular communication systems were one of outstanding
driving technology for IoT systems since they provide large coverage areas
among any wireless communication system described up to now. The Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) associates the leader telecommunication
groups to create a global communication system. The technologies that are
improved by 3GPP are known with the names of Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) as second generation (2G), UMTS as third generation
(3G), LTE as fourth generation (4G), LTE-A as beyond 4G or pre-fifth gener-
ation (5G) that all are enhancements of cellular technologies. The improved cel-
lular technologies are intended to lower device cost, improve the battery
efficiency, improve the coverage and bandwidth, and decreasing the device
complexity at each next generation communication systems. As of the improve-
ment of 4G technologies and networks, the cellular technologies have domi-
nated M2M communication that facilitates autonomous application
improvement in IoT and smart grid infrastructure. The 4G suitably complies
with IP protocol, and brought broadband communication and applications pro-
vided improvement of LTE-A and WiMAX usage in IoT. Since 4G technology
is reaching its maturity, extensive studies are being performed for the next gen-
eration cellular technology that is arranged as 5G and the standards are expected
to be introduced in 2020. It is anticipated that 5G will provide a thousand of
times capacity comparing to 4G, which enables millions of devices to
connect [47].
IEEE 802.16: Although it has been amended as wireless MAN, the commer-
cial definition WiMAX is more familiar. IEEE 802.16 series include a number