Page 449 - Fundamentals of Air Pollution 3E

II. Titles 397

II. TITLES
CAAA90 contains 11 "Titles." Some of these are new, and some are
greatly expanded from similar titles in the original Clean Air Act.

Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
Title I changes the existing nonattainment program of the original Clean
Air Act Title I, Part D, by establishing new nonattainment requirements
for ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM 10). Also, the
new nonattainment requirements vary from location to location and with
the severity of nonattainment. The changes will be accomplished through
revisions of the State Implementation Plan (SIP). The SIP must designate
"milestones" according to specified timetables. Failure to meet milestones
will result in mandatory sanctions.
The most widespread and persistent urban pollution problem is ozone.
The causes of this and the lesser problem of CO and PM 10 pollution in our
urban areas are largely due to the diversity and number of urban air pollu-
tion sources. One component of urban smog, hydrocarbons, comes from
automobile emissions, petroleum refineries, chemical plants, dry cleaners,
gasoline stations, house painting, and printing shops. Another key compo-
nent, nitrogen oxides, comes from the combustion of fuel for transportation,
utilities, and industries.
Although there are other reasons for continued high levels of ozone
pollution, such as growth in the number of stationary sources of hydrocar-
bons and continued growth in automobile travel, the remaining sources of
hydrocarbons are the most difficult to control. These are the small sources,
those that emit less than 100 tons of hydrocarbons per year. These sources,
such as auto shops and dry cleaners, may individually emit less than
10 tons per year but collectively emit many hundreds of tons of pollution.
Title I allows the EPA to define the boundaries of "nonattainment" areas
for ozone, CO, and PM 10 . Emission standards for these areas will be based
on a new set of "nonattainment categories." EPA has established a classifi-
cation system for ozone design values (goals) and attainment deadlines.
Table 24-2 lists these parameters.
If a nonattainment area is classified as serious, based on ambient ozone
measurements, then the state must modify its SIP to bring the area into
compliance in 9 years. The CAAA90 also specify the size and, therefore,
the number of sources subject to regulatory control as a function of nonat-
tainment classification. Table 24-3 illustrates these requirements for ozone
nonattainment classifications of extreme and severe; the state must include