Page 59 - Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs

REFERENCES 39
2.6 CONCLUSION Arthur MA, Sageman BB. Sea‐level control on source‐rock
development: perspectives from the Holocene Black Sea, the
Black shales are mixtures of terrigenous, biogenous, and Mid‐Cretaceous western interior basin of North America,
hydrogenous sediment in which organic matter constitutes at and the Late Devonian Appalachian basin. In: Harris NB,
least 0.5% of the material. The composition, texture, editor. The Deposition of Organic‐Carbon‐Rich Sediments:
structures, and fossil content of a shale depend on Models, Mechanisms, and Consequences. Tulsa: SEPM; 2005.
p 82:35–59.
depositional environment, that is, on a complex interplay of
physical, chemical, and biological variables and processes Arthur MA, Jenkyns HC, Brumsack H‐J, Schlanger SO.
Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography of organic
that control the production, erosion, transport, deposition, carbon‐rich cretaceous sequences. In: Ginsburg RN, Beaudoin
and diagenesis of mud. Diagenetic processes act on the B, editors. Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms.
sediment and result in changes to its composition and/or Background and Plans for Research. Dordrecht: Kluwer
texture. Patterns of vertical and lateral variability, which can Academic Publisher; 1990. 304. p 75–119.
be observed on a variety of scales in shale successions, are Baird GC. Coral encrusted concretions: a key to recognition of a
an expression of the dynamic nature of the processes behind “shale on shale” erosion surface. Volume 9, Lethaia; 1976.
their development, and preserve a record of the evolving p 293–302.
depositional environments in which they formed. Berger WH. Deep‐sea sedimentation. In: Burk CA, Drake CL, edi-
Although shales are the most ubiquitous component of tors. The Geology of Continental Margins. Berlin: Springer‐
the stratigraphic record, the distribution of black shales in Verlag; 1974. p 213–241.
the Phanerozoic is predominantly limited to six stratigraphic Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G. Productivity of the Ocean:
intervals. Present and Past. New York: Wiley‐Interscience; 1989.
Black shales may be deposited in a wide range of sedi- Berner RA. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern
mentary environments from the bottom of lakes to the ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance. Am J
abyssal plains of the ocean; however, most ancient black Sci 1982;282:451–473.
shales appear to have been deposited in shallow marine Berner RA. A model for atmospheric CO over phanerozoic time.
2
epicontinental environments for which we have no modern Am J Sci 1991;291:339–376.
analogs. Berner RA. GEOCARBSULF: a combined model for phanerozoic
atmospheric O and CO . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2
2
2006;70:5653–5664.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Berner RA, Lasaga AC, Garrels RM. The carbonate‐silicate
geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide
Nikki N. Bos is thanked for his help in producing the figures. over the past 100 million years. Am J Sci 1983;283:641–683.
Howard A. Armstrong is thanked for his comments on an Bernoulli D. North Atlantic and Mediterranean Mesozoic facies: a
earlier version of this chapter, which have helped improve it. comparison. In: Hollister CD, Ewing JI, Habib D, Hathaway JC,
Lancelot Y, Luterbacher H, Paulus FJ, Poag CW, Wilcoxon JA,
Worstell P, editors. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
REFERENCES Project. Volume 11, Washington, DC: US Government Printing
Office; 1972. p 801–822.
Allen JRL. Principles of Physical Sedimentology. London: George Bhattacharya JP. Hyperpycnal rivers and prodeltaic shelves in the
Allen & Unwin Ltd; 1985. Cretaceous seaway of North America. J Sediment Res
Anthony EJ, editor. High mud‐supply shores. In: Shore Processes 2009;79:184–209.
and Their Palaeoenvironmental Applications. Amsterdam: Bhattacharya JP. Deltas. In: James NP, Dalrymple RW, editors.
Elsevier; 2008. p 131–158. Facies Models 4. St. John’s, Newfoundland: Geological
Aplin AC, Macquaker JHS. Mudstone diversity: origin and impli- Association of Canada; 2010. p 233–264.
cations for source, seal, and reservoir properties in petroleum Boak J. Common wording vs. historical terminology. AAPG
systems. AAPG Bull 2011;95:2031–2059. Explorer 2012;33:42–43.
Arthur MA. North Atlantic Cretaceous black shales: the record at Boehlert GW, Genin A. A review of the effects of seamounts on
site 398 and a brief comparison with other occurrences. In: biological processes. In: Keating BH, Fryer P, Batiza R, Boehlert
Sibuet J‐C, Ryan WBF, Arthur MA, Barnes RO, Habib D, GW, editors. Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls. Washington, DC:
Iaccarino S, Johnson D, Lopatin B, Maldonado A, Moore DG, American Geophysical Union; 1987. Geophysical Monograph
Morgan GE, Réhault J‐P, Sigal J, Williams CA, editors. Initial Series 43. p 319–334.
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Bohacs KM. Contrasting expressions of depositional sequences in
Government Printing Office; 1979. p 47:719–751. mudrocks from marine to nonmarine environs. In: Schieber J,
Arthur MA, Sageman BB. Marine black shales: depositional mech- Zimmerle W, Sethi PS, editors. Shales and Mudstones I: Basin
anisms and environments of ancient deposits. Ann Rev Earth Studies, Sedimentology and Paleontology. Volume 1, Stuttgart:
Planet Sci 1994;22:499–551. Schweizerbart; 1998. p 33–78.