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             with low atomic mass and small neutron absorption cross-section, such as
             graphite,  tungsten/titanium/zirconium/calcium carbides, stainless steel, and wa-
             ter. Graphite is the best performer in this context, while stainless steel and water
             are dominant materials for the vacuum vessel.
                It may be interesting to look into the radio activation analysis performed
             under the Russian DEMO-S project (Fig. 10.1) [2]. After the reactor’s decom-
             missioning and 30 years retention interval, vanadium alloys may partially be
             recycled. In 100 years, it will be possible to handle the vacuum chamber materi-
             als, lithium ceramics and beryllium (∼25% of the reactor materials) manually.
             Around 15% of materials, which include, first and foremost, the blanket and the
             divertor structural materials, will be assigned for geological burial.

















































             FIGURE 10.1  DEMO-S vertical cross-section.
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