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164 CHAPTER 10

allow the magma in the dike to cool and solidify, Spera, F.J. (2000) Physical properties of magmas. In
causing the end of the eruption. A new eruption Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Ed. H. Sigurdsson),
would only occur when a new dike system could pp. 171–90. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
be formed. Spera, F.J. & Crisp, J.A. (1981) Eruption volume, peri-
odicity, and caldera area: relationships and infer-
ences on development of compositional zonation
10.10 Further reading in silicic magma chambers. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res. 11, 169–87.
Blake, S. (1981) Volcanism and the dynamics of open Wallace, P. & Anderson, A.T. (2000) Volatiles in
magma. In Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Ed. H.
magma chambers. Nature 289, 783–5.
Cashman, K.V., Sturtevant, B., Papale, P. & Navon, O. Sigurdsson), pp. 149–70. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA.
(2000) Magmatic fragmentation. In Encyclopedia of
Volcanoes (Ed. H. Sigurdsson), pp. 421–30. Academic Wilson, L. & Head, J.W. (1981) Ascent and eruption of
basaltic magma on the Earth and Moon. J. Geophys.
Press, San Diego, CA.
Druitt, T.H. & Sparks, R.S.J. (1984) On the formation Res. 86, 2971–3001.
of calderas during ignimbrite eruptions. Nature
310, 679–81.
10.11 Questions to think about
Newhall, C.G. & Self, S. (1982) The Volcanic Explosivity
Index (VEI): an estimate of explosive magnitude for
historical volcanism. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1231–8. 1 Why are eruptions on the ocean floor more likely
Parfitt, E.A. & Wilson, L. (1995) Explosive volcanic to be effusive than explosive?
eruptions – IX. The transition between Hawaiian- 2 What is the main reason, overall, that evolved
style lava fountaining and Strombolian explosive magmas are more likely to have very explosive
activity. Geophys. J. Int. 121, 226–32. eruptions than more basaltic magmas?
Pyle, D.M. (2000) Sizes of volcanic eruptions. In 3 If a long-lived eruption is explosive, what factors
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Ed. H. Sigurdsson), control whether it is intermittently explosive or
pp. 263–9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. continuously explosive?
Simkin, T. & Seibert, L. (2000) Earth’s volcanoes and 4 Why do we use more than one scheme for cat-
eruptions: an overview. In Encyclopedia of Volca- egorizing eruptions?
noes (Ed. H. Sigurdsson), pp. 249–61. Academic 5 What are the general trends of the relationships
Press, San Diego, CA. between magma reservoir size, volume of

Smith, R.L. (1979) Ash-flow magmatism. Geol. Soc. magma erupted, and frequency of eruption?
Am. Spec. Pap. 180, 3–27.