Page 8 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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CONTENTS vii

9. Lava flows 126
9.1 Introduction 126
9.2 Origin of lava flows 127
9.3 Types of lava flow 128
9.4 Lava flow rheology 132
9.5 Rheological control of lava flow geometry 133
9.6 Lava flow motion 135
9.7 Lengths of lava flows 136
9.8 Surface textures of lava flows 137
9.9 Effects of ground slope and lava viscosity 140
9.10 Summary 141
9.11 Further reading 142
9.12 Questions to think about 143

10. Eruption styles, scales, and frequencies 144
10.1 Introduction 144
10.2 Chemical composition and styles of volcanic activity 144
10.3 Chemical composition and effusive eruptions 147
10.4 Chemical composition and explosive eruptions 148
10.5 Summary of compositional controls on eruption character 152
10.6 Magnitudes and frequencies of volcanic eruptions 153
10.7 Elastic and inelastic eruptions 158
10.8 Eruptions of exceptional magnitude 160
10.9 Summary 163
10.10 Further reading 164
10.11 Questions to think about 164

11. Volcanic hazards and volcano monitoring 165
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Types of volcanic hazard 165
11.3 Hazard assessment 172
11.4 Monitoring volcanoes and short-term eruption prediction 173
11.5 Hazard mitigation 176
11.6 Summary 177
11.7 Further reading 177
11.8 Questions to think about 178

12. Volcanoes and climate 179
12.1 Introduction 179
12.2 Evidence for the impact of volcanic eruptions on climate 179
12.3 Satellite monitoring of climate change after volcanic eruptions 181
12.4 The effects of volcanic eruptions on climate 182
12.5 Volcanoes and mass extinctions 186
12.6 Summary 187
12.7 Further reading 188
12.8 Questions to think about 189