Page 273 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

228 Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

1. Materials used in storage, pipes, pumps, etc. (In H N H R N H R N R R N R
general, bulk storage of polymer solutions utilizes
fiberglass tanks, stainless steel, and lined tanks of H H H R
rubber, glass, or fiberglass) Ammonia Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine
2. Labeling
3. Training of personnel The R groups may be identical to or different from
4. Laboratory testing one another. In secondary or tertiary amines, the
5. Possible health concerns nitrogen may be part of a ring. In quaternary ammo-
6. Other issues nium salts, all four hydrogens of the ammonium ion
are replaced by organic groups; the result is

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R
Kevin Gertig, water resources & treatment operations R N + R
manager (formerly supervisor, Fort Collins Water Treatment
Plant, City of Fort Collins, Colorado) was available for con- R
sultation at any time and provided photographs as needed
Amphoteric: Substances, such as metal oxides, can develop
from the extensive collection at the plant and made available
either negative or positive surface charges depending
the library or the plant. Grant Williamson-Jones, City of Fort
on pH (see also isoelectric point and point of zero
Collins, Colorado, provided the two photo micro-graphs of
charge).
alum floc, Figure 9.3, from his collection.
Anion: Ion with negative charge, for example, Cl ,
Figure 9.19 from a report of the Water Research Founda-
HCO 3 ,. . . .
tion (WaterRF), Denver, Colorado, was reproduced with per-
Anionic polymer: Polymer that has a negatively charged
mission provided by Adam Lang, publishing manager.
group; the charge manifests itself when an associated
Jarid Kling, presently Equipment Diagnostics Center lead,
cation dissociates from the group. Common cations
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, took my water treatment þ þ þ 2þ
include: H ,Na ,K ,Ca , etc.
courses in 1998–1999; his homework on coagulant chemical—
Aquometal ion: Central metal ion with waters of hydration
pH equilibria spreadsheets was utilized as Table CD9.7 3þ
bonded as ligands, for example, Al(H 2 O) 6 .
which he graciously gave permission to use again (2010), i.e.,
Basicity: Refers to the gain of a proton, that is, by A
for the present text. His work on this topic overcame some
(Streitwieser and Heathcock, 1985, p. 62).
difficulties in constructing a correct set of equations and
Benzene: The compound, C 6 H 6 , with a ring structure. Ben-
associated linked plots.
zene is the parent hydrocarbon for a whole family of
organic compounds. As a group, the benzene-like
GLOSSARY compounds were called aromatic because many of
them have characteristic aromas (Streitwieser and
Acidity: Refers to the loss of a proton, that is, by HA (Streit-
Heathcock, 1985, p. 562).
wieser and Heathcock, 1985, p. 60). An example
Boltzman constant: Same as the ideal gas constant per mol-
reaction is 23
ecule (k ¼ 1.380658 10 J=K), that is, instead
of per mol. Note that R ¼ 8.314510 J=K mol and
HA ¼ H þ A 23
þ
that N(Avogadro) ¼ 6.022 10 molecules=mol.
conjugate acid conjugate base Therefore,
Adsorption destabilization: Assimilation of hydrolysis prod-
=
ucts of a metal ion, generally Al 3þ or Fe , into the R 8:314510J Kmol
3þ
diffuse double layer of a colloidal particle to effect in k ¼ (Avagadro)¼ 23
N 6:022 10 molecules=mol
a reduction of negative repulsive force between col- 23
=
¼1:380689 10 J(K molecule)
loids so that van der Waals attractive forces may
dominate when the particles overcome the ‘‘potential
barrier.’’ Same as charge neutralization. The main point is that the units are really
Alkalinity: Defined as the sum of its three forms, HCO 3 , J=K=molecule, as opposed to J=K, which usually is

CO 3 ,OH and usually expressed as CaCO 3 . understood in the literature, but is not apparent to
2þ

Alum: Aluminum sulfate. See Appendix F for description. persons not trying to reconcile units given in some
Amines: Organic relatives of ammonia, which are derived by aspects of coagulation theory, that is, bonding
replacing one, two, or all three hydrogens of ammonia energy, which is given sometimes in terms of kT;
with organic groups (Hart, 1991, p. 305). For con- to obtain a magnitude in terms of energy per mole;
venience, amines are classified as primary, secondary, the units work out if we multiply kT (J=K=molecule)
or tertiary, depending on whether one, two, or three by Avogadro’s number (molecules=mol), which
organic groups are attached to the nitrogen, that is, gives, J=mol.