Page 7 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

vi Contents

2.1.3 Criteria.......................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.4 Standards ...................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.4.1 Kinds of Water Quality Standards................................................................................ 22
2.1.4.2 Normative Standards..................................................................................................... 24
2.1.4.3 Standards as Targets for Treatment.............................................................................. 24
2.1.5 Surrogates..................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Federal Laws.............................................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.1 Legal Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.2 Regulations................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Priority Pollutants......................................................................................................................... 26
2.3 Maturation of Water Quality Knowledge.................................................................................................. 27
2.3.1 Knowledge of Contaminants........................................................................................................ 27
2.3.2 Measurement Technologies.......................................................................................................... 28
2.4 Categorizations of Contaminant Species................................................................................................... 28
2.4.1 Systems of Categorization............................................................................................................ 28
2.4.2 Illustrative System of Contaminant Categorization ..................................................................... 28
2.5 Utility of Water Quality Data.................................................................................................................... 31
2.5.1 Contaminants and Water Uses ..................................................................................................... 31
2.6 Combinations of Quality of Source Waters and Product Waters ............................................................. 31
Problems............................................................................................................................................................... 34
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Appendix 2.A: Organic Carbon as a Contaminant ........................................................................................... 34
2.A.1 Categories of Organics in Water.................................................................................................. 35
2.A.1.1 Color ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.A.1.2 Organic Carbon............................................................................................................. 37
2.A.1.3 UV 254 ............................................................................................................................ 37
2.A.1.4 Synthetic Organic Carbon............................................................................................. 37
2.A.2 Disinfection By-Products ............................................................................................................. 37
2.A.3 Disinfection By-Products in Secondary Effluents........................................................................ 39
2.A.4 Disinfectant Selection................................................................................................................... 40
2.A.5 Other Notes................................................................................................................................... 40
Glossary................................................................................................................................................................ 40
References ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................... 42

Chapter 3 Models.................................................................................................................................................................. 45

3.1 Unit Processes............................................................................................................................................ 45
3.2 Models ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.2.1 Categories of Models ................................................................................................................... 45
3.2.2 The Black Box.............................................................................................................................. 45
3.2.2.1 Plots............................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.3 Physical Models ........................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.3.1 Bench Scale Testing ..................................................................................................... 46
3.2.3.2 Pilot Plants .................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.3.3 Demonstration Plants.................................................................................................... 47
3.2.4 Mathematical Models ................................................................................................................... 48
3.2.5 Computer Models......................................................................................................................... 48
3.2.6 Scenarios....................................................................................................................................... 49
3.3 Modeling Protocol ..................................................................................................................................... 49
3.3.1 Spreadsheets ................................................................................................................................. 51
3.4 Units and Dimensions ............................................................................................................................... 52
3.4.1 Units ............................................................................................................................................. 52
3.4.2 Dimensions................................................................................................................................... 52