Page 720 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

Precipitation 675

Soda: Sodium carbonate, that is, NaCO 3 , which is used to Letterman, R. D., Amirtharajah, A., and O’Melia, C. R., Chapter 6
remove ‘‘permanent’’ hardness. Coagulation and flocculation, in: Letterman, R. D. (Tech. Ed.),
Water Quality and Treatment, 5th edn., McGraw-Hill,
Softening: Removal of hardness.
New York, 1999.
Solubility: The maximum amount of a substance that can
Lide, D. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1996–97,
dissolve in a fixed amount of solvent to form a stable 77th edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
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pG-16). III, Disposal of Sewage, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1916.
Solubility product, K sp : The equilibrium constant for the Moffett, J. W., The chemistry of high-rate water treatment, Journal
dissolving of a slightly soluble ionic compound in of the American Water Works Association, 60(11):1255–1270,
water (Silberberg, 1996, pG-16). November 1968.
Patterson, J. W., Metals control technology; Past, present and future,
Solute: A substance that dissolves in a solvent (Silberberg,
in: Patterson, J. W. and Passino, R. (Eds.), Metals Speciation,
1996, pG-16). Separation, and Recovery, Volume II, Lewis Publishers,
Solution: A mixture of solute, in molecular or ionic form as Chelsea, MI, 1990. Proceedings of the Second International
the case may be, with solvent. Symposium on Metals Speciation, Separation, and Recovery,
Solvent: The substance, for example, water, in which a solute Rome, Italy, May 14–19, 1989.
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Substitution reaction: Ligand replaces the coordinated water
MI, 1990. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium
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on Metals Speciation, Separation, and Recovery, Rome, Italy,
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M(H 2 O) n þ L ! ML(H 2 O) n 1 þ H 2 O (21:G:14) Patterson, J. W., Luo, B., Marani, D., and Passino, R., Nucleation and
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100 (21:G:15) ation, and Recovery, Rome, Italy, May 14–19, 1989.
volume percent
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Roalson, S. R., Kweon, J., Lawler, D. F., and Speitel, G. E. Jr.,
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