Page 100 - Handbook Of Multiphase Flow Assurance

96 5. Flow restrictions and blockages in operations

Remediation of asphaltene plugging 146 Effect of PVT conditions 161
Environmental impact of various Role of composition 163
techniques 146 Miscellaneous factors 163
Modeling of asphaltenes 146 Tubular plugging 163
Prevention of asphaltenes 147 Prevention techniques 164
Remediation techniques 167
Bacterial growth 148 Environmental impacts of remediation
Topsides process equipment 148 techniques 168
Water injection wells 148 Measurement techniques 168
Bacterial growth management 148
Conventional techniques 171
Corrosion products 149 Remote sensing and monitoring 171
Transport of solid corrosion products 149 Emerging techniques 171
Modeling 171
Diamondoids 149
Comprehensive modeling 173
Ice 150 Waxy gels 174
Case studies 176
Liquid holdup 150
Water in gas and oil lines 150 Reservoir souring 176
Condensate in gas lines 151 Introduction 176
Steam (condensed water in oil Mitigation of reservoir souring 177
sands steam injection lines) 151 Treatment of sour production 177
Liquid accumulation in horizontal Modeling of reservoir souring 178
and vertical wells 152
Scale 178
Multiphase flow 153 Description 178
Flow resistance of gas, oil and water 153 Carbonate 178
Vacuum condition and pressure surge Sulfate 178
during stock oil flow 153 Analysis 179
Prediction 179
Sand transport 153 Remedial actions 180
Minimum transport velocity 154 Scale prevention 181
Erosional velocity limits 155
Liquid with solids (hydrate, Interaction of flow assurance issues
corrosion products, scale) 156 with and effects on produced
fluids and flow 181
Paraffin wax 156
Introduction 156 Seven suggestions from operations in
Chemistry 159 deepwater and onshore 183
Composition 159 References 184
Structure 160
Wellbore and reservoir plugging 160 Further reading 188

There are many types of flow assurance restrictions. Some of the more frequently encoun-
tered ones include asphaltenes, waxes, hydrates, scale and sand.
Flow assurance issues which may impede flow include the following:

• Hydraulic liquids holdup
• Emulsions, foam