Page 199 - Handbook of Thermal Analysis of Construction Materials

182 Chapter 4 - Introduction to Concrete Admixtures

Table 11. Strength Gain in Concrete Containing Antifreezing Admixtures

Admixture Amount % of Strength (28 d) With Respect
to Normally Cured Specimens
7 d 28 d 90 d

Sodium Nitrite 4–6 30 70 90

Ca Nitrite + Urea 3–5 35 80 100
Ca Chloride 2–3 35 80 100
+ Na Chloride

REFERENCES

1. Ramachandran, V. S., Calcium Chloride in Concrete-Science and
Technology, p. 216, Applied Science Publishers, London (1981)
2. Collepardi, M., Rossi, G., and Spiga, M. C., Hydration of Tricalcium
Silicate in the Presence of Electrolytes, Ann. di Chimica, 61:137–148
(1971)
3. Tanoutasse, N., The Hydration Mechanism of C A and C S in the Presence
3
3
of Calcium Chloride and Calcium Sulphate, 5th Int. Symp. Chem. Cements,
Part 2, pp. 372–378, Tokyo (1968)
4. Mukherji, K., and Ludwig, U., Influence of Addition of Calcium Chloride
and Calcium Sulphate on the Rate of Hydration of C S and β-C S, Tonind.
3 2
Ztg., 97:211–216 (1973)
5. Skalny, J., and Maycock, J. N., Mechanisms of Acceleration by Calcium
Chloride—A Review, 77th Annual Meeting, ASTM, Washington, DC,
(June 1974)
6. Collepardi, M., and Massida, L., Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate in
Suspension, Ann. di Chimica, 61:160–168 (1971)
7. Ramachandran, V. S., Possible States of Chloride in the Hydration of
Tricalcium Silicate in the Presence of Calcium Chloride, Materiaux et
Constr., 4:3–12 (1971)
8. Rio, A., Celani, A., and Saini, A., New Investigation on the Action
Mechanism of Gypsum and Calcium Chloride and Their Influence on the
Structural and Mechanical Characteristics of the Hydrosilicates Produced
by the Hydration of C S, Il Cemento, 67:17–26 (1970)
3