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20 Summary of the Generalised Theory of Electrical Machines
as Applied to Synchronous Generators and Induction Motors 479
20.1 Introduction 479
20.2 Synchronous Generator 480
20.2.1 Basic mathematical transformations 483
20.3 Some Notes on Induction Motors 490
20.3.1 Derived reactances 491
20.3.2 Application of three-phase short circuit 491
20.3.3 Derived reactances and time constants for an induction motor 493
20.3.4 Derivation of an equivalent circuit 495
20.3.5 ‘Re-iteration or recapitulation’ 496
20.3.6 Contribution of three-phase short-circuit current from
induction motor 501
References 504
Further Reading 505

Appendix A Abbreviations Commonly used in Electrical Documents 507

Appendix B A List of Standards Often Used for Designing Electrical Systems and
for Specifying Equipment 517
B.1 International Electro-technical Commission (Europe) 517
B.2 Institute of Petroleum (UK) 525
B.3 International Standards Organisation (Worldwide) 526
B.4 British Standards Institution (UK) 526
B.5 American Petroleum Institute (USA) 530
B.6 Counseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (France) 530
B.7 Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (UK) 530
B.8 Electricity Council (UK) 531
B.9 Verband Deutscher Electrechniker (Germany) 531
B.10 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Inc. (USA) 531
B.11 Miscellaneous References from the UK 532

Appendix C Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication
Devices for Power Systems 533
C.1 Application of Protective Relays, Control and Alarm Devices
for Power System Circuits 533
C.1.1 Notes to sub-section C.1 535
C.2 Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions 536

Appendix D Under-Frequency and Over-Temperature Protection of Gas-Turbine
Driven Generators 539

Appendix E List of Document Types to be Produced During a Project 545
E.1 Contractors Documents 546
E.1.1 Feasibility studies 546
E.1.2 Conceptual design 546
E.1.3 Detail design 547