Page 12 - High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fundamentals, Design and Applications

Contents ix

1 1.2.1 Mass Balance 295
11.2.2 Conservation ofMomentum 295
1 1.2.3 Energy Balance 296
1 1.3 Continuum-Level Electrochemistry Model 299
11.4 Chemical Reactions and Rate Equations 303
1 1.5 Cell- and Stack-Level Modelling 308
11.6 System-Level Modelling 314
11.7 Thermomechanical Model 315
1 1.8 Electrochemical Models at the Electrode Level 318
11.8.1 Fundamentals and Strategy of
Electrode-Level Models 319
11.8.2 Electrode Models Based on a Mass
Transfer Analysis 321
11.8.3 One-Dimensional Porous Electrode
Models Based on Complete
Concentration, Potential, and
Current Distributions 322
11.8.4 Monte Carlo or Stochastic Electrode
Structure Model 324
11.8.4.1 Electrode or Cell Models Applied to
Ohmic Resistance-Dominated Cells 324
1 1.8.4.2 Diagnostic Modelling of
Electrodes to Elucidate Reaction
Mechanisms 324
11.8.4.3 Models ofMixed Ionic and
Electronic Conducting (MIEC)
Electrodes 325
1 1.9 Molecular-Level Models 325
1 1.10 Summary 326
References 327

Chapter 12 Fuels and Fuel Processing
12.1 Introduction 333
12.2 RangeofFuels 335
12.3 Direct and Indirect Internal Reforming 338
12.3.1 Direct Internal Reforming 340
12.3.2 Indirect Internal Reforming 341
12.4 Reformation of Hydrocarbons by Steam,
COz and Partial Oxidation 342
12.5 Direct Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 346
12.6 CarbonDeposition 347
12.7 Sulphur Tolerance and Removal 351
12.8 Anode Materials in the Context of Fuel Processing 352
12.9 Using Renewable Fuels in SOFCs 3 54
12.10 Summary 355
References 356