Page 7 - Hydrocarbon

vi Contents

5. Safety and the Environment 83
5.1. Safety Culture 83
5.2. Safety Management Systems 86
5.3. Environment 88
5.4. Current Environmental Concerns 91

6. Reservoir Description 95

6.1. Reservoir Geology 95
6.2. Reservoir Fluids 108
6.3. Data Gathering 141
6.4. Data Interpretation 152

7. Volumetric Estimation 173
7.1. Deterministic Methods 173
7.2. Expressing Uncertainty 177

8. Field Appraisal 191

8.1. The Role of Appraisal in the Field Life Cycle 191
8.2. Identifying and Quantifying Sources of Uncertainty 192
8.3. Appraisal Tools 194
8.4. Expressing Reduction of Uncertainty 195
8.5. Cost-Benefit Calculations for Appraisal 196
8.6. Practical Aspects of Appraisal 199

9. Reservoir Dynamic Behaviour 201
9.1. The Driving Force for Production 201
9.2. Reservoir Drive Mechanisms 203
9.3. Gas Reservoirs 210
9.4. Fluid Displacement in the Reservoir 217
9.5. Reservoir Simulation 222
9.6. Estimating the Recovery Factor 223
9.7. Estimating the Production Profile 224
9.8. Enhanced Oil Recovery 226

10. Well Dynamic Behaviour 229
10.1. Estimating the Number of Development Wells 229
10.2. Fluid Flow Near the Wellbore 231
10.3. Horizontal Wells 234
10.4. Production Testing and Bottom Hole Pressure Testing 237
10.5. Tubing Performance 241
10.6. Well Completions 244