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336 CHAPTER 5 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

entry into the body, e.g., by nasal or bronchoalveolar lavage, will provide
possibilities to explore functional chemical-induced changes at the cellular
and molecular level. Routine measurements of alterations of gene expres-
sion in cells so collected may provide valuable information on causality be-
tween inhalation exposures and effects in target cells in the nasal cavity or
lungs. In many instances, cells collected with nasal or broncho-alveolar la-
vage (BAL) methods may be used to demonstrate a causal relationship be-
tween inhalational exposure and an effect in the airways. This would then
allow protection of exposed workers by assessing the exposure through oc-
cupational hygienic measurements.

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