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Instrumentation and Measurement 67

robust and stable devices, which are now easily programmed as discussed
above (see Section 2.2.4).

2.3.3 SCADA and Distributed Control System
Most modern production platforms and FPSOs use distributed control sys-
tems (DCS). Most modern unconventional assets are installing simpler
SCADA systems. Many assets are using a generic SCADA system, such as
those applied in other industries (e.g., manufacturing). Others are electing
to deploy a domain-specific SCADA/control platform—especially on arti-
ficial lift wells—or even two systems to meet their needs.
SCADA systems are now in their fourth generation. The first generation
was “monolithic,” the second generation was “distributed,” the third gen-
eration is “networked,” (as shown in Fig. 2.13) and the fourth generation is
the Internet of Things (IoT) generation. Recent SCADA systems are less
expensive to maintain while reporting in almost real time. The current
recent technology uses open-system protocols and is cloud based. We do
not know of any O&G asset currently using a cloud-based SCADA system,
but there are many industrial water-conditioning plants using such systems.
We think O&G will not be far behind.
Most SCADA or DCS systems with DOF integration technologies are
displayed in control rooms to enable collaboration like shown below.

Fig. 2.13 SCADA architecture example showing data transmitted from RTU/PLC well
side to a SCADA system.