Page 59 - Introduction to Paleobiology and The Fossil Record

1966 Ma closure of ocean in Norway 1976
Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian

benthic ostracods
Lower 400 freshwater fish
440
trilobite and brachiopod species
Paleozoic trilobite and brachiopod genera
proto- Didymograptus bifidus
Atlantic 505 Dictyonema

580
2000 – 3000
4000 – 6000
Approximate width of ocean (km)
(a) (b)
Laurentia Laurentia
1000 km
Equator 1000 km Equator

20S 20S

Iapetus Ocean Iapetus Ocean with
island complexes
40S 40S
B a c i t l a B a c i t l a

60S Tornquists Sea 60S
Tornquists Sea
Avalonia
Avalonia
2 8 9 1 4 8 9 1
Gondwana Gondwana
(c) (d)
UPGMA
NEGreenland
Siberia
QUEBEC
OKLAHOMA
BEEKMAN
MOROCCO
BOHEMIA
EBALTIC
Valdres
POLAND
OSLO
HBorder
Precordillera
COWHEAD
TBHEAD
WIRELAND
HØLONDA
SMØLA
CAndean
OTTA
SUMMERFORD
SURALS
BELLEWSTN
CNFLD
Famatina
ANGLESEY
TAGOAT
NBrunswick02
NBrunswick01
INDIAN
SHIN
1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0

(e) cos θ