Page 102 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

88 A.-S. Nizami and I. M. Ismail

100%
89.40%
90%
80%
80%
70% 62% 61% 58%
% CO 2 savings 50% 45%
60%

40%
30% 32%
20%
10%
0%
Grass-Biomethane Biogas from Palm oil-Biodiesel Sugarcane- Sunflower-Biodiesel Rapeseed-Biodiesel Wheat-Ethanol
(0.6 t/ha/year C Municipal Solid Ethanol
sequestration) Waste (MSW)
Fig. 5 The % CO 2 savings of different biofuel systems (Korres et al. 2010, 2011; Smyth et al.
2009)

Biofertilizer
Biofuel
Proteins
Dyes
Chemicals
Enzymes
Carbohydrates
Liquid digestate
Value added products
Bioreactor
Syngas
Soil conditioner
Feedstock
Digestate
Fibre for making insulation
boards and textile
Hydrocarbons
Chemicals
Solid fuel
Solid digestate
Animal fodder
Value added products
Fig. 6 Value-added products of digestate (Kamm and Kamm 2004; Korres et al. 2011)
biorefinery (Kamm et al. 1998; Nardoslawsky 1999; Kamm and Kamm 2004).
According to Korres et al. (2010), these value-added products that emerge in
addition to the biofuel (Fig. 6) will also help to reduce GHG emissions. However,
calculation of these bioproducts GHG emissions is needed, as they are shaped into
marketable products at additional energy and financial cost.