Page 257 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Hydropower Life-Cycle Inventories 247

greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from the flooded biomass, and energy con-
sumption during the operation stage.
Figure 1 illustrates the resultant boundary definition.
Besides, equipment, fuels, and materials life cycles should also be included
(Krewitt 2001; Virtanen and Lubkert 1992; Frischknetcht 2001; Curran 2001).
Capital goods—e.g., the turbine—are admitted into the boundaries. Generally,
they are permanently allocated into the system. On the other hand, equipment
temporarily used—such as lifting cranes—should not be included (USEPA 2001;
Frischknetcht 2001).
It is also important to consider the environmental and the economic costs of
maintenance and replacement of the electromechanical equipment, since the time
horizon for the plant is higher than that defined for the equipment. This insertion is
even more important due to the general agreement of not including the dismantling
of the plant within the boundary; this is in accord with the hypothesis that the
equipment should be able to operate in perfect conditions at the end of the time
horizon, as recommended in the literature (Virtanen and Lubkert 1992; Setterwall
2001).

Cement
manufacture
Concrete
production Steel
Gravel manufacture
extraction Equipment
production
Copper
Wood extrac- manufacture
tion
CONSTRUCTION Battery Lead
Soil
production manufacture
extraction
Moraine Cables Aluminum
extraction production manufacture
OPERATION
Sand
Sulph. Acid
extraction
manufacture
Rock
extraction Oils
manufacture
Explosive
production
OBS: Transport are included, but not indicated on the Figure

Processes included within the boundary
Processes not included with in the boundary
Fig. 1 Vattenfall’s boundary definition [adapted from (Brännstrom-Norberg et al. 1996)]