Page 96 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

82 A.-S. Nizami and I. M. Ismail
Table 2 Methane yield of different feedstocks
Feedstocks Methane yield Feedstocks Methane yield
3
3
(m CH 4 kg -1 volatile (m CH 4 kg -1 volatile
solid added) solid added)
Barley 353–658 Sorghum 295–372
Triticale 337–555 Peas 390
Alfalfa 340–500 Reed canary 340–430
grass
Sudan grass 213–303 Flax 212
Jerusalem artichoke 300–370 Straw 242–324
Oats grain 250–295 Rice straw 278
Maize, whole crop 205–450 MSW 278–320
Grass 298–467 Food waste 373
Hemp 355–409 Wheat grain 384–426
Sunflower 154–400 Clover 300–350
Wheat straw 290 Potatoes 276–400
Oilseed rape 240–340 Chaff 270–316
Leaves 417–453 Kale 240–334
Sugar beet 236–381 Turnip 314
Rye grain 283–492 Rhubarb 320–490
Fodder beet 420–500 Miscanthus 179–218
Nettle 120–420 Sludge 260
Chicken litter 290 Pig manure 310
Cattle manure 160 Source separated 300–529
food waste
OFMSW 158–400 Timothy 345–375
Cocksfoot 315
Chandra et al. 2012; Jha et al. 2011; Li et al. 2010; Cho and Park 1995; Juanga 2005; Murphy
et al. 2011; Browne and Murphy 2012; János and Elza 2008

2 Methodology

2.1 Life-Cycle Assessment

According to International Organization for Standardization 14000 (ISO 2006),
there are four phases of an LCA procedure, including (1) the goal, scope definition,
and functional unit, (2) inventory analysis, (3) impact assessment, and (4) inter-
pretation. An LCA provides systematic view and complete assessment of a product
throughout its life cycle (Payraudeau et al. 2007). It is important to consider the
whole life cycle due to efficient energy management of renewable sources and
their GHG emissions. The scientific community considers LCA as one of the best
method for calculating the environmental burden associated with bioenergy pro-
duction (Consoli et al. 1993). The renewable directive (EC 2009) has provided
guidelines for the LCA of biofuels. An LCA of biofuels must evaluate GHG