Page 217 - Manufacturing Engineering and Technology - Kalpakjian, Serope : Schmid, Steven R.

Ceramics, Graphite,

Diamond, and

Nanomaterials:

Structure, General

Properties, and

Applications

8.l Introduction |96
8.2 The Structure of ° Ceramics, glass, and various forms of carbon present combinations of physical
Ceramics |97 and mechanical properties that cannot be obtained with other metallic or non-
8.3 General Properties metallic materials and thus have major industrial applications.
and Applications ° Ceramic materials are first described in terms of their chemistry, microstruc-
of Ceramics 20|
8.4 Glasses 205 ture, mechanical and physical properties, and applications.
8.5 Glass Ceramics 207 ° The basic types of ceramics include oxide ceramics, such as aluminum or zirco-
8.6 Graphite 208 nium oxide, and carbides and nitrides.
8.7 Diamond 210
8.8 Nanomaterials 210 ' Glasses have numerous formulations, all containing at least 50% silica; this
EXAMPLES: chapter describes the general properties and typical uses of glass.
8.I Ceramic Knives |99 ° Various forms of carbon are commercially important; graphite is the most
8.2 Ceramic Gun Barrels 204 common, with numerous uses, including as reinforcement in composite materi-
8.3 Ceramic Ball and Roller als, as electrodes for electrical discharge machining, and as a solid lubricant.
Bearings 205
° Diamond is the hardest material known and, as such, is used for precision and
abrasive machining and for polishing operations.
° Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes are becoming increasingly important,
with numerous applications for nanoscale electrical and microelectronic
devices.

8.1 Introduction
The various types of materials described in the preceding chapters are not suitable
for certain engineering applications, including the following:
a. An electrical insulator to be used at high temperatures
b. Floor tiles to resist spills, scuffing, and abrasion
c. A transparent baking dish
d. Small ball bearings that are light, rigid, hard, and resist high temperatures
e. Automobile Windshields that are hard, abrasion resistant, and transparent.
From these few examples, it is apparent that the properties required include high-
temperature strength; hardness; inertness to chemicals, foods, and the environment;
resistance to Wear and corrosion; and low electrical and thermal conductivity.

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