Page 180 - 04. Subyek Engineering Materials - Manufacturing, Engineering and Technology SI 6th Edition - Serope Kalpakjian, Stephen Schmid (2009)

Section 6.4 Copper and Copper Alloys |59

TABLE 6.6
Properties and Typical Applications of Selected Wrought Copper and Brasses
Ultimate
Nominal tensile Yield Elongation
composition strength strength in 50 mm
Type and UNS number (%) (MPa) (MPa) (%) Typical applications
Electrolytic tough-pitch 99.90 Cu, 220-450 70-365 55-4 Downspouts, gutters, roofing, gaskets,
copper (C11000) 0.04 O auto radiators, bus bars, nails, printing
rolls, rivets
Red brass, 85% 85.0 Cu, 270-725 70-435 55-3 Weather stripping, conduits, sockets,
(C23000) 15.0 Zn fasteners, fire extinguishers, condenser
and heat-exchanger tubing
Cartridge brass, 70% 70.0 Cu, 300-900 75-450 66-3 Radiator cores and tanks, flashlight
(C26000) 30.0 Zn shells, lamp fixtures, fasteners, locks,
hinges, ammunition components,
plumbing accessories
Free-cutting brass 61.5 Cu, 340-470 125-310 53-18 Gears, pinions, automatic high-speed
(C36000) 3.0 Pb, 35.5 Zn screw machine parts
Naval brass (C46400 60.0 Cu, 39.25 Zn, 380-610 170-455 50-17 Aircraft: turnbuckle barrels, balls,
to C46700) 0.75 Sn bolts; marine hardware: propeller
shafts, rivets, valve stems, condenser
plates

TABLE 6.7

Properties and Typical Applications of Selected Wrought Bronzes
Ultimate
Nominal tensile Yield Elongation
Type and UNS composition strength strength in 5 0 mm
number (%) (MPa) (MPa) (%) Typical applications
Architectural bronze 57.0 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 415 140 30 Architectural extrusions, storefronts,
(C38500) 40.0 Zn (as extruded) thresholds, trim, butts, hinges
Phosphor bronze, 95.0 Cu, 5.0 Sn, 325-960 130-550 64-2 Bellows, clutch disks, cotter pins,
5% A (C51000) trace P diaphragms, fasteners, wire brushes,
chemical hardware, textile machinery
Free-cutting phosphor 88.0 Cu, 4.0 Pb, 300-520 130-435 50-15 Bearings, bushings, gears, pinions,
bronze (C54400) 4.0 Zn, 4.0 Sn shafts, thrust washers, valve parts
Low-silicon bronze, 98.5 Cu, 1.5 Si 275-655 100-475 55-11 Hydraulic pressure lines, bolts, marine
B (C65100) hardware, electrical conduits, heat-
exchanger tubing
Nickel silver, 65-10 65.0 Cu, 25.0 Zn, 340-900 125-525 50-1 Rivets, screws, slide fasteners,
(C74500) 10.0 Ni hollowware, nameplates

Production. Copper is found in several types of ores, the most common being sulfide
ores. The ores are generally of low grade (although some contain up to 15% Cu) and
usually are obtained from open-pit mines. The slurry is ground into fine particles in ball
mills (rotating cylinders with metal balls inside to crush the ore, as shown in Fig. 17.6b,
the resulting particles are then suspended in water to form a slurry. Chemicals and oil
are then added, and the mixture is agitated. The mineral particles form a froth, which is
scraped and dried. The dry copper concentrate (as much as one-third of which is cop-
per) is traditionally smelted (melted and fused) and refined; this process is known as
pyrometallurgy, because heat is used to refine the metal. For applications such as