Page 23 - 04. Subyek Engineering Materials - Manufacturing, Engineering and Technology SI 6th Edition - Serope Kalpakjian, Stephen Schmid (2009)

General

Introduction

l.l What ls Manufacturing? I.I What ls
Manufacturing? I
l.2 Product Design
As you begin to read this chapter, take a few moments to inspect various objects and Concurrent
around you: mechanical pencil, light fixture, chair, cell phone, and computer. You Engineering 8
soon will note that all these objects, and their numerous individual components, l.3 Design for Manufacture,
Assembly, Disassembly,
are made from a variety of materials and have been produced and assembled into
and Service I
the items that you now see. You also will note that sofne objects, such as a paper I
l.4 Green Design and
clip, nail, spoon, and door key, are made of a single component. However, as Manufacturing I3
shown in Table 1.1, the vast majority of objects around us consist of numerous l.5 Selection of Materials I5
individual pieces that are built and assembled by a combination of processes called L6 Selection of
manufacturing. Manufacturing
Processes I8
The word manufacture first appeared in English in 1567 and is derived from the
l.1 Computer-integrated
Latin manu factus, meaning “made by hand.” The word manufacturing first appeared Manufacturing 26
in 1683, and the word production, which is often used interchangeably with the word l.8 Quality Assurance
manufacturing, first appeared sometime during the 15th century. and Total Quality
Manufacturing is concerned with making products. A manufactured product Management 29
L9 Lean Production and Agile
may itself be used to make other products, such as (a) a large press, to shape flat sheet
Manufacturing 32
metal into automobile bodies, (b) a drill, for producing holes, (c) industrial sawing ma- |.l0 Manufacturing Costs and
chines, for making clothing at high rates, and (d) numerous pieces of machinery, to pro- Global Competition 32
duce an endless variety of individual items, ranging from thin wire for guitars and l.| I General Trends in
Manufacturing 34
electric motors to crankshafts and connecting rods for automotive engines (Fig. I.1).
Note that items such as bolts, nuts, and paper clips are discrete products, mean- EXAMPLES:
ing individual items. By contrast, a roll of aluminum foil, a spool of wire, and metal or l.I Incandescent Light
plastic tubing are continuous products, which are then cut into individual pieces of Bulbs 6
various lengths for specific purposes. l.2 Baseball Bats I7
L3 U.S. Pennies I7
Because a manufactured item typically starts with raw materials, which are then
l.4 Saltshaker and
subjected to a sequence of processes to make individual products, it has a certain
Pepper Mill 26
value. For example, clay has some value as mined, but when it is made into a product l.5 Mold for Making
such as cookware, pottery, an electrical insulator, or a cutting tool, value is added to Sunglasses Frames 28
the clay. Similarly, a nail has a value over and above the cost of the short piece of wire
or rod from which it is made. Products such as computer chips, electric motors, and
professional athletic shoes are known as high-value-added products.
A Brief History of Manufacturing. Manufacturing dates back to the period
5000-4000 B.C. (Table LZ), and thus, it is older than recorded history, the earliest
forms of which were invented by the Sumerians around 3500 B.C. Primitive cave