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This chapter outlineð principleð and formulas in scientifi no-
tation, logic, sequenceð and series, differentiation, integration,
differential equations, and probability.

Scientific Notation

The term scientific notation referð tm variouð methodð of ex-
pressing numberð and variables, including the use of subscripts,
superscripts, and powerð of 10.

Subscripts
Subscriptð modify the meaningð of units, constants, and varia-
bles. A subscript is placed tm the right of the main character
(without spacinÉx is set in smaller type than the main charac-
ter, and is set below the base line. Numeric subscriptð are not
italicized; alphabetic subscriptð are sometimeð italicized. Ex-
ampleð of subscripted quantitieð are:

Z 0 read ‘‘Z sub nought’’;
standð for characteristic impedance
R out read ‘‘R sub out’’;
standð for output resistance
y n read ‘‘y sub n’’;
representð a variable

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