Page 503 - Pipelines and Risers

470 Chaprer 25

Serviceability is suitability for the proposed purposes, i.e. functionality. Serviceability is
intended to guarantee the use of the system for the agreed purpose and under the agreed
conditions of use.
0 Safety is the freedom from excessive danger to human life, the environment and property
damage. Safety is the state of being free of undesirable and hazardous situations. The
capacity of a structure to withstand its loading and other hazards is directly related to and
most often associated with safety.
Compatibility assures that the system does not have unnecessary or excessive negative
impacts on the environment and society during its life-cycle. Compatibility is also the
ability to meet economic and time requirements.
0 Durability assures that serviceability, safety and environment compatibility are maintained
during the intended life of the marine system. Durability is freedom from unanticipated
maintenance problems and costs.

The alternatives available must fulfil the minimum criteria for each of these requirements,
which is set forward by those that own, operate, design, construct and regulate pipelines. Any
additional quality that is attained from an alternative will have financial implications over the
lifetime of the product, as explained earlier.

This section will define the different types of quality aspects that exist in pipeline engineering.
These different types include Management, DesignEngineering Services, Material and
Fabrication, Marine Operations and Operation. It is important to recognize that the quality
aspect to be analyzed will possibly lead to a failure, and that the calculation of risk of failure
can be found using the techniques discussed in the risk section of this chapter.

25.2.2 Management
Management can be defined as the co-ordination and control of individuals and systems. The
activity of management is present throughout the entire pipeline development process. By
implementing different strategies or plans it is possible to influence the quality of
performance of the individuals and systems. Research canied out by Bea (1994) implies that
the quality of performance of individuals and systems in the design, construction and
reliability of marine structures is a function of the frequency of HumardOrganizational Errors
(HOE).

Factors that contribute to HOE can be categorized into individual, organizational and systems
(hardware, software) errors. Individual or human errors are those that are made by a single
person which can contribute to an accident.

The sources of organizational errors can be placed into three general categories. The first is
upper level management. The lack of appropriate resources and commitments to achieve
reliability and the provision of conflicting goals and incentives (e.g. maintain production
when it needs to be decreased to allow maintenance to be pedormed on the system) are
examples of upper level management errors. The second is front line management.
Information filtering (make it look better than it really is, tell the boss what he wants to hear-