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218 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Figure 10.1 Production of sweet sorghum in the world. Major sweet sorghum producing
countries are the United States, Nigeria, India, Mexico, etc. Color key shows the highest
(dark green) to the lowest (dark red) sweet sorghum producing countries and the countries in
gray shades produce sweet sorghum at negligible amount (Bruinsma, 2017).

In 1985 sorghum grain production reached higher levels with 77.57 MMT and
when compared with 1960 production of grain were increased about more than
90%. Due to reduction in cultivated area of sorghum by 9.9% around 13% 15% of
the production of sorghum declined during the three decades interval period from
1981 83 to 2011 13, with a mean of 0.75% per annum. There was an increase in
sorghum production during the last five decades from 1961 to 2011, which is
mostly observed in the African countries (Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and
Nigeria of North and West Africa and Cameroon and Ethiopia of Central and East
Africa), Central America (Mexico), and South America (Brazil). Nevertheless, the
production of sorghum particularly in North America and Asia was in the down
trend along with other parts of the world. Considering the Asian region, particularly
in China and India, the sharp decline in these regions was mainly due to the shrink-
age of area for sorghum cultivation. The main reasons for decline in cultivated area
were mostly because of higher level of household income and urban development
which lead to change in eating habits (Smith and Frederiksen, 2000). To counter
the area of cultivation loss, improved management principles and superior varieties
partly helped in the increase in sorghum productivity. The increase in sorghum pro-
duction in Africa was mainly due to the extension in dry land area which was used
for sorghum cultivation and with no improvement in yield (Bruinsma, 2017).
India occupies the first and third position as sorghum cultivator and production
in terms of area (7.5 M ha), respectively, besides the United States and Nigeria. The
leading states that produce sorghum are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana,
Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. Fig. 10.2 depicts the production of Indian sweet