Page 193 - Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere

gal and political order as it is domesticated in non-Western cultures, not least in post-
apartheid South Africa (Moosa 2001, 122–123, 130–131). He shows how traditional Af-
rican values, such as ubuntu, were included in the 1993 Interim Constitution but omitted
in the 1996 Constitution.
29. Teer-Tomaselli and Tomaselli (2001, 147 n. 29) note that the SABC, as expressed
in its new publicity as the “pulse of Africa’s Creative Spirit,” exceeded its national man-
date and “in the spirit of global (or at least supra-regional) enterprises took on the chal-
lenge of spiritually revitalizing the entire continent.”
30. Based on her remarks at the panel on “Religious Broadcasting in South Africa” at
the IAHR Eighteenth World Congress, Durban, South Africa, August 11, 2000. She was
also a member of the Religious Broadcasting Panel but claims that it was a mistake and
that she was only included because the RBP thought she belonged to an African inde-
pendent church (!).
31. Information from Dangor, personal communication, 1999.
32. See “Religious and Cultural Programmes on PBS Radio”; available online at
http://www.sabc.co.za/annual/annua12000/religion.pdf (accessed August 23, 2004).
33. This group is by no means representative of the entire South African Muslim
community. Information from Keyan Tomaselli, personal communication, June 23, 2000.
34. Available online at http://www.mediareviewnet.com/comments%20on%20sabc
%20policies.htm (accessed August 25, 2004).
35. Kevin Boyle, “Religious Intolerance and the Incitement of Hatred”; available on-
line at http://www.article19.org/docimages/975.html (accessed August 23, 2004).
36. See his reported comments in “Report from the Working Group on ‘Freedom of
Expression’” (1998); available online at http://www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/media/naphrc.htm
(accessed February 4, 2001). See also Tomaselli and Nkosi 1995.
37. “Widen Scope of Press Freedom in Africa, Conference Urges.” Panafrican News
Agency, May 6, 2001. See also Kizito 1992.
38. Media Development and Diversity Agency (Pretoria). Press release, July 23, 2002.
39. His and Bishop Lee’s fears have been borne out, as the political scene has hard-
ened. Mainstream religions still dominate the SABC airwaves and Rhema and TBN
broadcast on Dstv. Information from Keyan Tomaselli, e-mail, August 26, 2002.
40. The SABC 1999–2000 annual report refers to the need to include programs that
re®ect the “Shembe and Bahai faith [sic].” Note: Shembe refers to the renowned Zulu
independent church, founded by Isaiah Shembe, the Nazaretha Baptist Church. Inciden-
tally the African independent churches form the largest grouping within the Christian
category, according to the 1996 census, although the greatest market share growth goes
to the Pentecostal/Charismatic group (Hendriks 1999, 79).
41. But consider John Urry’s argument, in the context of a wider discussion on
(global) citizenship, that “paradoxically it may be that aspects of global homogenisation,
consumerism and cosmopolitanism, are necessary conditions for preventing social divi-
sions in the contemporary world” (Urry 2000, 187).
42. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 106 (April 2000): 61–83.
43. See Bernstein 2002, 204–210, for a discussion of the vagueness of the concept and
the ambivalence of black South African elites toward their cultures of origin.
44. For a critical review of this “brilliant marketing concept,” see Bernstein 2002,
230–243.
45. A very valuable set of studies and re®ections on these questions by a number of
South Africa’s leading scholars of religion and some German researchers can be found
in a special issue of Journal for the Study of Religion 11, no. 2 (September 1998), on “Re-

182 Rosalind I. J. Hackett