Page 12 - Sustainability in the Process Industry Integration and Optimization

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10.4 Utility Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.4.1 Utility Placement: First Problem . . . . 238
10.4.2 Utility Placement: Second Problem . . 243
10.5 Water Pinch Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.5.1 Water Pinch Technology: First Problem 247
10.5.2 Water Pinch Technology:
Second Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
11 Industrial Applications and Case Studies . . . . . . . 253
11.1 Energy Recovery from an FCC Unit . . . . . . . . 253
11.2 De-bottlenecking a Heat-Integrated Crude-Oil
Distillation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
11.3 Minimizing Water and Wastewater in a
Citrus Juice Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

11.4 Efficient Energy Use in Other Food and
Drink Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.5 Synthesis of Industrial Utility Systems . . . . . . 271
11.6 Heat and Power Integration in Buildings and
Building Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.7 Optimal Design of a Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . 277
11.8 Scheduling a Large-Scale Paint Production
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
12 Typical Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them . . . . . . . . 281
12.1 Data Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
12.1.1 When Is a Stream a Stream? . . . . . . . . 284
12.1.2 How Precise Must the Data Be at
Each Step? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
12.1.3 How Can Considerable Changes in
Specific Heat Capacities Be Handled? 286

12.1.4 What Rules and Guidelines Must Be
Followed to Extract Data Properly? . . 287
12.1.5 How Can the Heat Loads, Heat
Capacities, and Temperatures of an
Extracted Stream Be Calculated? . . . . 289
12.1.6 How “Soft” Are the Data in a Plant or
Process Flowsheet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
12.1.7 How Can Capital Costs and Operating
Costs Be Estimated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
12.2 Integration of Renewables: Fluctuating
Demand and Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
12.3 Steady-State and Dynamic Performance . . . . . 292