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shale development are uncertain (Bartis et al., 2005). The estimated cost of surface retorting
remains high and many consider it unwise to move toward near-term commercial efforts.
However, advances in thermally conductive in situ conversion may cause shale-derived
oil to be competitive with current high crude oil. If this becomes the case, oil shale devel-
opment could soon occupy a very prominent position in the national energy agenda. Only
when it is clear that at least one major private firm is willing to devote, without appreciable
government subsidy, technical, management, and financial resources to oil shale devel-
opment, will government decision makers address the policy issues related to oil shale
development.

6.7 REFERENCES

AAPG: “Oil Shale,” Energy minerals Division, American Association for Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa,
Okla., 2005, http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm.
Andrews, A.: “Oil Shale: History, Incentives, and Policy,” Specialist, Industrial Engineering and
Infrastructure Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division, Congressional Research Service,
the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 2006.
Baldwin, R. M.: Oil Shale: A Brief Technical Overview, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.,
July, 2002.
Bartis, J. T., T. LaTourrette, and L. Dixon: “Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and
Policy Issues,” Prepared for the National Energy Technology of the United States Department of
Energy, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., 2005.
Baughman, G. L.: Synthetic Fuels Data Handbook, 2d ed., Cameron Engineers, Inc., Denver, Colo., 1978.
Burnham, A. K. and J. R. McConaghy: “Comparison of the Acceptability of Various Oil Shale Processes,”
Proceedings, AICHE 2006 Spring National Meeting, Orlando, Fla., Mar. 23–27, 2006.
Culbertson, W. C. and J. K. Pitman: “Oil Shale in United States Mineral Resources,”Paper
No. 820, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1973.
DOE: Strategic Significance of America’s Oil Shale Reserves, II. Oil Shale Resources, Technology, and
Economics; March, 2004, http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/publications.
Duncan, D. C. and V. E. Swanson: “Organic-Rich Shale of the United States and World Land
Areas,” Circular No. 523. United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1965.
Fletcher, S.: “Efforts to Tap Oil Shale’s Potential Yield Mixed Results,” Oil and Gas Journal, Apr. 18,
2005.
Hubbard, A. B. and W. E. Robinson: “A Thermal Decomposition Study of Colorado Oil Shale,”
Report of Investigations No. 4744, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1950.
Janka, J. C. and J. M. Dennison: “Devonian Oil Shale,” Synthetic Fuels from Oil Shale Symposium,
Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Ill., Dec. 3–6, 1979, pp. 21–116.
Johnson, H. R., P. M. Crawford, and J. W. Bunger: “Strategic Significance of America’s Oil Shale
Resource, Volume II, Oil Shale Resources, Technology and Economics,” Office of Deputy
Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves,
United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., March, 2004.
Karanikas, J. M., E. P.de Rouffignac, H. J. Vinegar (Houston, Tex.), and S. Wellington: “In Situ
Thermal Processing of An Oil Shale Formation While Inhibiting Coking,” United States Patent
6877555, Apr., 12, 2005.
Mut, S.: “Oil Shale and Oil Sands Resources Hearing,” Testimony before the United States Senate
Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Tuesday, Apr. 12, 2005. http://energy.senate.gov/
hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1445&wit_id=4139
Petzrick, P. A.: Oil Shale and Tar Sand: Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, vol. 12. VCH Publishers
Inc., Berlin, Germany, 1995, pp. 77–99.
Rattien, S. and D. Eaton: In Oil Shale: The Prospects and Problems of an Emerging Energy Industry,
vol. 1. J. M. Hollander and M. K. Simmons (eds.), Annual Review of Energy., 1976, pp. 183–212.