Page 8 - Understanding Flight

FM_Anderson 11/14/00 12:40 PM Page viii

viii CONTENTS

Skin Heating 167
Wrapping it up 169

Airplane performance 171
7 Lift-to-drag ratio 173
Lift-to-drag ratio from the engineer’s perspective 174
Glide 175
Out of fuel 176
Indicated airspeed 176
Takeoff performance 178
Climb 180
Ceiling 184
Fuel consumption 186
Maximum endurance 187
Maximum range 189
Turns 192
Stall speed limit 194
Structural strength limit 195
Propulsive power limit 196
Standard-rate turns 197
Landing 197
Wrapping it up 199

Aerodynamic testing 201
8 Wind-tunnel testing 201
Subsonic wind tunnels 202
Closed-circuit tunnels 205
Wind-tunnel data 210
Supersonic venturis 215
Supersonic wind tunnels 217
Hypersonic testing 220
Flight testing 220
Flight instrument calibration 221
The standard day 223
Power required 224
Power required data 224
Takeoff and landing 225
Climbing and turning 227
Flight test accidents 227
Wrapping it up 227

Appendix: Misapplications of Bernoulli’s principle 229

Index 235