Page 19 - Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications

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and it does not require much sample preparation, expertise, or time.
Chapter 4 discusses the historic development, theory, and biomedical
applications of evanescent wave imaging (ATR imaging).
In recent years, Raman microscopy and imaging have been getting
increasing attention and have been used for a variety of applications
including some in the biomedical arena. Raman imaging combines
Raman spectroscopy with digital imaging technology in order to
visualize material chemical composition and molecular structure.
Chapter 5 is about the applications of different microscopic techniques
such as sFTIR and Raman in particular and surface-enhanced Raman
spectroscopic imaging for elucidating the biochemistry of lifestyles of
fungi, including saprotrophs, endophytes, and lichen symbionts.
Chapter 6 describes widefield Raman imaging that provides
spectral information of all pixels of an entire field of view at once.
The technological issues involved in the acquisition and preprocessing
of data, and the methods that can be employed to analyze the large
datasets that result from such experiments are discussed. The chapter
also describes the state of the technology with respect to the study of
cells and tissues. Chapter 7 covers resonance Raman imaging and
quantification of carotenoid antioxidants in the human retina and
skin. Raman scattering is used as noninvasive optical detection of
carotenoids in living human tissue. Chapter 8 summarizes recent
research results on fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy of tissue, Raman
imaging of tissue and cells, and Raman spectroscopy of bacteria.
The sections are organized from low-spatial resolution which was
obtained using multimode optical fiber probes to high-spatial
resolution which was obtained in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
using functionalized AFM tips. Chapter 9 provides detailed
information on the Raman instrumental components such as laser,
the microscope, the filter, the spectrograph and the detector. The
differences between the different Raman imaging techniques,
multivariate analysis, and its biomedical applications are discussed
in detail.
Advances in Raman microscopic imaging provide insights into
the micromechanical behavior of biomaterials, including the origin of
improved fracture toughness in natural and synthetic inorganic
biomaterials and the visualization of residual stress patterns stored
on load bearing surfaces. Chapter 10 describes how to quantitatively
assess in situ the microscopic stress fields developed during fracture
at the crack tip of natural and synthetic biomaterials. Crack-tip
toughening mechanisms are clearly visualized and assessed quanti-
tatively. This chapter also presents results on microscopic stress
analysis of ceramic biomaterials as collected by Raman micro-
spectroscopy on the bearing surfaces of artificial hip joints.
Chapter 11 is about tissue imaging with coherent anti-Stokes
Raman scattering microscopy. Theory, instrumentation, and its
biomedical applications are elaborated.