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328    Oceania



               the hot waters underneath. This had a noticeable   Cole, Nairn and Houghton (n.d.) ‘Volcanic Hazards at
               negative  impact  on  the  geothermal  features  at   White Island’, in Volcanic Hazards Working Group of
               Whakarewarewa. Rising public concern then led   the  Civil  Defence  Scientific  Advisory  Committee  –
               to a bore closure programme in 1987–88 involving   Booklet  No.3,  Civil  Defence  Scientific  Advisory
               the cementing shut of 106 wells. This and other   Committee, Wellington
               legislative measures led to a recovery of geothermal   Cooper-Erfurt,  P.  and  Cooper,  M.  (2009)  Health  &
                                                             Wellness  Spa Tourism,  Aspects  of  Tourism  Series,
               activity  (Scott  and  Cody,  2000).  However,   Channel View Press, London
               exploitation on a larger scale is occurring about   Keam,  R.  F.  (n.d.) ‘Eruption  Chronicles, Waimangu
               80km south of Rotorua. Driving towards Taupo, a   Volcanic Valley’,  www.waimangu.co.nz/,  accessed
               visitor  passes  the  Wairakei  Geothermal  Power   5 June 2009
               Station, which is the oldest of several geothermal   New  Zealand  Geothermal Association  (n.d.)  www.
               plants in the area. Since 1958 it has been providing   nzgeothermal.org.nz, accessed 5 June 2009
               an average annual generation of 1250GWh (New   NZ Ministry of Tourism (2009) ‘Key Tourism Statistics’,
               Zealand Geothermal Association, n.d.). Within a   www.tourismresearch.govt.nz,  accessed  5  June
               few years of its operation, about 70 geysers and   2009
               240  alkaline  hot  springs  became  inactive  in  the   Pee  Jay White  Island Tours  (n.d.)  www.whiteisland.
                                                             co.nz/white_island.html, accessed 5 June 2009
               Wairakei Geothermal Valley, once a popular tourist   Rotorua  District  Council  (2008)  ‘Annual  Report
               attraction (Scott and Cody, 2000). Hence, there is   2007–2008’,  www.rdc.govt.nz,  accessed  5  June
               clearly a conflict between the use of geothermal   2009
               resources  for  power  generation  or  for  drawing   Sable, J. E., Houghton, B. F., Wilson, C. J. N. and Carey,
               tourists. Unfortunately, due to increasing demand   R.  J.  (2006)  ‘Complex  proximal  sedimentation
               for  power  and  a  poor  record  of  protection  of   from  Plinian  plumes:  The  example  of  Tarawera
               geysers, it is likely that only a few core tourism   1886’, Bull. Volcanol., vol 69, pp89–103
               sites will ultimately remain.               Scott, B. J. and Cody, A. D. (2000) ‘Response of the
                                                             Rotorua  geothermal  system  to  exploitation  and
               References                                    varying management regimes’, Geothermics, vol 29,
               Cole,  J. W.  (1990) ‘Structural  control  and  origin  of   nos 4–5, pp573–592
                  volcanism  in  the  Taupo  Volcanic  Zone,  New   Wai-O-Tapu  Geothermal  Wonderland  (n.d.)  www.
                  Zealand’, Bull. Volcanol., vol 52, pp445–459  geyserland.co.nz/, accessed 5 June 2009





































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