Page 36 - Volcano and Geothermal Tourism

Introduction 13

Four main types of volcanoes are generally Maria/Santiaguito, Guatemala; Santorini, Greece;
distinguished: shield volcanoes, composite or Taal, Philippines; Teide, Canary Islands, Spain;
strato-volcanoes, cinder cones and lava domes. Ulawun, Papua New Guinea; Unzen, Japan;
Because this book is looking at the tourism side Vesuvius, Italy).
of volcanic and geothermal environments the • Hydrothermal vent or black smoker –
following list also includes volcanic landforms continuously spouting under water at high
that are of interest for tourists, in alphabetical temperatures enriched with minerals, first discovered
order with a number of examples for each of in 1977 (commonly found along mid-ocean ridges).
them: • Igneous province and flood basalt – regions
where large volcanic eruptions have deposited
• Caldera [Spanish for cauldron] – formed by thick layers, usually basalt, covering expansive
the collapse of the roof of an empty magma surface areas (Siberian Traps, Ethiopian Highlands;
chamber (Aso and Aira Caldera, Japan; Ngorongoro Deccan Traps, India; Brazilian Highlands; Newer
Crater, Tanzania; Blake River Mega Caldera, Volcanic Provinces, Australia; North Atlantic Igneous
Canada; Vilama Caldera, Argentina/Central Province; Columbia River Plateau).
Andes; Caldera de las Canadas/Teide, Tenerife/ • Island arc volcanoes – see volcanic arc.
Spain; Santorini, Greece; Crater Lake, Oregon). • Lava cave, lava tube – remaining cave which
• Cinder cones/scoria cones – commonly forms after lava flows stop and leave behind a
straight-sided cone-shaped hills built from lava tunnel (tube) which can be up to several
airfall deposits of fragmented pyroclastic kilometres long (Undara Volcanic National Park,
material such as particles from congealed lava Australia; Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park; Jeju
(Pu’u O’o, Hawai‘i; Paricutin, Mexico; Eldfell, Island, Korea; Canada; Iceland; Chile; New
Iceland; Red Rock and Mt Scoria, Australia; Zealand).
Wizard Island, Crater Lake/Oregon; Cerro Negro, • Lava dome – created by slow extrusion of
Nicaragua; Kometsuka/Aso, Japan). viscous lava from a volcanic vent (El Chichón,
• Composite or strato-volcanoes – symmetrical Mexico; Unzen, Tsurumi, Yufudake, Showashinzan,
and steep-sided cones built up of alternating Japan; Souffrière Hills, Montserrat; Novarupta,
layers of lava, ash and other pyroclastic material Redoubt and Augustine, Alaska; Bezymianny,
(Snaefellsjökull, Iceland; St Helens and Mt Baker, Kamchatka, St Helens, Washington; Santa Maria,
Washington; Shasta, California; Mt Hood, Oregon; Guatemala; Tarawera, New Zealand).
Mt Fuji and Mt Usu, Japan; Cotopaxi, Ecuador; • Lava lake – molten lava held in a volcanic
Shishaldin, Alaska; Mayon, Philippines; Vesuvius and crater; active lava lakes, especially permanent
Stromboli, Italy; Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia; ones, are very rare (Ambrym, Vanuatu; Erta Ale,
Damavand, Iran; Merapi, Indonesia). Ethiopia; Kilauea, Hawai‘i; Erebus, Antarctica;
• Crater – bowl-shaped or funnel-like openings Nyiragingo, D.R. of the Congo; Villarica, Chile).
at the mouth of a volcano, created by volcanic • Lava plateau – formed by sheets of lava flows
activity, e.g. summit craters, pit craters, maars, pouring from fissures and creating broad
diatremes. plateaus or flood basalts; compare igneous
• Crater rows – can be produced along fissures provinces (Iceland, North America, Argentina,
(Leirhnjúkur and Laki, Iceland; Waimangu Valley, Japan, New Zealand).
New Zealand). • Maars, tuff rings and diatremes – volcanic
• Decade volcanoes – selection of active craters formed as a result of violent phreato-
volcanoes chosen for more in-depth research magmatic eruptions, often filled with water
to raise the awareness about volcanoes and (Germany, Vulkaneifel; France, Auvergne; Australia,
their potential hazards (Avachinsky-Koryaksky, North Queensland, Victoria and South Australia;
Kamchatka; Colima, Mexico; Etna, Italy; Galeras, Ethiopia; Turkey; New Mexico; North America;
Colombia; Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i; Merapi, Indonesia; Alaska; Patagonia, South America; Israel; Iran;
Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Mt Japan; Indonesia; Chile; Bolivia; New Zealand;
Rainier, Washington; Sakurajima, Japan; Santa Krashenninikov, Kamchatka).

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