Page 551 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

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522 Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
Phases Three, Four, and Five address land disposal restrictions (LDRs) for all remaining haz-
ardous wastes listed by the EPA in the hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR Part 261). Wastes in
Phases Three, Four, and Five include F, K, P, and U coded wastes. To recapitulate from Chapter 11:

● F wastes are nonspecific source wastes
● K wastes are specific source wastes
● P and U wastes are commercial chemical products waste

17.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
LDRs apply to: (1) hazardous waste generators, including clean-up waste; (2) hazardous waste
transporters; (3) hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs); and (4) haz-
ardous waste recycling facilities. The restrictions do not apply to generators of less than 100 kg of
hazardous waste per month (conditionally exempt small quantity generators [CESQGs]), and to cor-
rective action waste if there is no new placement or disposal.
Under the land disposal restrictions, hazardous waste generators, TSDFs, and recycling facili-
ties must meet specific requirements and responsibilities for waste analysis, record keeping, notifi-
cation, and certification. The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest for LDR wastes must be
accompanied by a LDR notification. The LDR is a one-time notification form that is signed by the
generator and indicates that they understand that this waste cannot be land-disposed. It is the
responsibility of the generator to provide the manifest and the LDR. Most hazardous waste disposal
contractors supply one or both of these forms.
Treated wastes can only be disposed in a landfill meeting the U.S. EPA minimum technology
standards for hazardous waste landfills. These standards are found in the federal regulations in 40
CFR Part 264.301.

17.3 THE SECURE LANDFILL
17.3.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
According to federal requirements, a secure landfill must possess a liner system that is constructed
and installed to prevent any migration of wastes out of the landfill during the active life and the clo-
sure period of the landfill; whereas a Subtitle D landfill for muncipal solid wastes (MSW) disposal
is required to posses a single liner system, the requirements for a Subtitle C (i.e., RCRA hazardous
waste) landfill are much more stringent; for example, there is to be a double-liner system equipped
with two leachate collection and removal systems (LCRs) (Figure 17.1 and Figure 17.2). The liner
system must include:
● A top liner (primary liner) designed and constructed of materials (e.g., a geosynthetic
liner or flexible membrane liner) to prevent the migration of hazardous constituents dur-
ing the active life and postclosure care period.
● A composite bottom liner (secondary liner) consisting of at least two components. The
upper component is typically a geosynthetic liner. The lower component must be constructed
of materials to minimize the migration of hazardous constituents if a breach in the upper
component were to occur. The lower component must be constructed of at least 91 cm (3 ft)
of compacted soil material with a hydraulic conductivity of 1 10 7 cm/sec or less.

A LCR system is installed immediately above the top (primary) liner to collect and remove
leachate during the active life and postclosure care period of the landfill. A secondary LCR system
is placed above the composite liner. This is also a leak detection system and must be capable of