Page 5 - Wind Energy Handbook

Contents

Acknowledgements xv

List of symbols xvii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Development 1
1.2 Modern Wind Turbines 6
1.3 Scope of the Book 7
References 8
Bibliography 9

2 The Wind Resource 11
2.1 The Nature of the Wind 11
2.2 Geographical Variation in the Wind Resource 12
2.3 Long-term Wind-speed Variations 13
2.4 Annual and Seasonal Variations 14
2.5 Synoptic and Diurnal Variations 16
2.6 Turbulence 17
2.6.1 The nature of turbulence 17
2.6.2 The boundary layer 18
2.6.3 Turbulence intensity 21
2.6.4 Turbulence spectra 22
2.6.5 Length scales and other parameters 23
2.6.6 Cross-spectra and coherence functions 26
2.7 Gust Wind Speeds 29
2.8 Extreme Wind Speeds 30
2.8.1 Extreme winds in standards 31
2.9 Wind-speed Prediction and Forecasting 33
2.9.1 Statistical methods 33
2.9.2 Meteorological methods 34
2.10 Turbulence in Wakes and Wind Farms 35
2.11 Turbulence in Complex Terrain 37
References 38