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June 22, 2007
156 CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
TABLE 4.2—Extended compositional data for a light waxy crude oil and a Middle East crude.
Waxy crude oil 21:30 Middle East crude oil
Component mol% M, g/mol wt% M Normalized mol%
C 2 0.0041 30 0.0076 30 0.0917
C 3 0.0375 44 0.1208 44 0.9940
iC 4 0.0752 58 0.0921 58 0.5749
NC 4 0.1245 58 0.4341 58 2.7099
iC 5 0.3270 72 0.4318 72 2.1714
NC 5 0.2831 72 0.7384 72 3.7132
C 6 0.3637 86 1.6943 82 7.4812
C 7 3.2913 100 2.2346 95 8.5166
C 8 8.2920 114 2.7519 107 9.3120
C 9 10.6557 128 2.8330 121 8.4772
C 10 11.3986 142 2.8282 136 7.5294
C 11 10.1595 156 2.3846 149 5.7946
C 12 8.7254 170 2.0684 163 4.5945
C 13 8.5434 184 2.1589 176 4.4413
C 14 6.7661 198 1.9437 191 3.6846
C 15 5.4968 212 1.9370 207 3.3881
C 16 3.5481 226 1.5888 221 2.6030
C 17 3.2366 240 1.5580 237 2.3802
C 18 2.1652 254 1.5006 249 2.1820
C 19 1.8098 268 1.5355 261 2.1301
C 20 1.4525 282 1.5441 275 2.0330
C 21 1.2406 296 1.1415 289 1.4301
C 22 1.1081 310 1.4003 303 1.6733
C 23 0.9890 324 0.9338 317 1.0666
C 24 0.7886 338 1.0742 331 1.1750
C 25 0.7625 352 1.0481 345 1.1000
C 26 0.6506 366 0.9840 359 0.9924
C 27 0.5625 380 0.8499 373 0.8250
C 28 0.5203 394 0.9468 387 0.8858
C 29 0.4891 408 0.8315 400 0.7527
C 30 0.3918 422 0.8141 415 0.7103
C 31 0.3173 436 0.7836 429 0.6613
C 32 0.2598 450 0.7450 443 0.6089
C 33 0.2251 464 0.7099 457 0.5624
C 34 0.2029 478 0.6528 471 0.5018
C 35 0.1570 492 0.6302 485 0.4705
C 36 0.1461 506 0.5400 499 0.3918
C 37 0.1230 520 0.5524 513 0.3899
C 38 0.1093 534 0.5300 528 0.3634
C 39 0.1007 548 0.4703 542 0.3142
3.0994 700 C 40 : 0.4942 C 40 : 556 0.3217
C 40+
51.481
C 41+
Source: waxy oil data from Ref. [7] and Middle East crude from Ref. [5]. For the Middle East crude the
GC output is shown in Fig. 4.3. Normalized mole% for the Middle East crude excludes C 41+ fraction.
Based on calculated value of M 41+ = 865, mole% of C 41+ is 17.73%.
as its products from atmospheric or vacuum distillation parameter to quantify quality of a crude. API gravity of
columns. The Oil & Gas Journal Data Book has published a crudes varies from 10 to 50; however, most crudes have API
comprehensive set of data on various crude oils from around gravity between 20 and 45 [9]. A crude oil having API gravity
the world [8]. Characteristics of seven crude oils from around greater than 40 (SG < 0.825) is considered as light crude,
the world and their products are given in Table 4.3. A crude while a crude with API gravity less than 20 (SG > 0.934) is
assay dataset contains information on API gravity, sulfur and considered as a heavy oil. Crudes with API gravity between 20
metal contents, kinematic viscosity, pour point, and Reid and 40 are called intermediate crudes. However, this division
vapor pressure (RVP). In addition to boiling point range, API may vary from one source to another and usually there is
gravity, viscosity, sulfur content, PNA composition, and other no sharp division between light and heavy crude oils. Crude
characteristics of various products obtained from each crude oils having API gravity of 10 or lower (SG > 1) are referred
are given. From information given for various fractions, boil- as very heavy crudes and often have more than 50 wt%
ing point curve can be obtained. residues. Some of Venezuelan crude oils are from this
Quality of crude oils are mainly evaluated based on higher category. Another parameter that characterizes quality of a
value for the API gravity (lower specific gravity), lower aro- crude oil is the total sulfur content. The total sulfur content
matic, sulfur, nitrogen and metal contents, lower pour point, is expressed in wt% and it varies from less than 0.1% to more
carbon-to-hydrogen (CH) weight ratio, viscosity, carbon res- than 5% [9]. Crude oils with total sulfur content of greater
idue, and salt and water contents. Higher API crudes usually than 0.5% are termed as sour crudes while when the sulfur
contain higher amount of paraffins, lower CH weight ratio, content is less than 0.5% they are referred as “sweet” crude
less sulfur and metals, and have lower carbon residues and [9]. After sulfur content, lower nitrogen and metal contents
viscosity. For this reason API gravity is used as the primary signify quality of a crude oil.
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