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16 CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
by the API-TDB committees as the best available method is
presented. This book will be referred as API-TDB throughout many methods available in a process simulator. However, the
book has been written in a language that is understandable
this book. to undergraduate and graduate students in all areas of engi-
Another important book in this area is The Properties of neering and science. It contains practical solved problems as
Gases and Liquids that was originally written by Reid and well as exercise problems so that the book would be suitable
Sherwood in 1950s and it has been revised and updated nearly as a text for educational purposes.
every decade. The fifth and latest edition was published in Special features of this book are Chapters 2, 3, and 4 that
November 2000 [36] by three authors different from the orig- deal with the characterization of hydrocarbons, petroleum
inal two authors. The book has been an excellent reference for fractions, and crude oils and their impact on the entire field
students and practical engineers in the industry over the past of property prediction methods. It discusses both light as
five decades. It discusses various methods for prediction of well as heavy fractions and presents methods of prediction
properties of pure hydrocarbons as well as nonhydrocarbons of the important characteristics of petroleum products from
and their defined mixtures. However, it does not treat un- minimum laboratory data and easily measurable parame-
defined petroleum fractions, crude oils, and reservoir fluids. ters. It presents several characterization methods developed
Most of the methods for properties of pure compounds re- in recent years and not documented in existing references.
quire the chemical structure of compounds (i.e., group con- The book also presents various predictive methods, including
tribution techniques). The book compares various methods the most accurate and widely used method for each property
and gives its recommendations for each method. and discusses points of strength, weaknesses, and limitations.
There are several other books in the area of properties of Recommended methods are based on the generality, simplic-
oils that document empirically developed predictive methods, ity, accuracy, and availability of input parameters. This is
among them is the book Properties of Oils and Natural Gases, another special feature of the book. In Chapters 5 and 6 it
by Pedersen et al. [13]. The book mainly treats reservoir fluids, discusses equations of state based on the velocity of sound
especially gas condensates from North Sea, and it is mainly and light and how these two measurable properties can be
a useful reference for reservoir engineers. Books by McCain used to predict thermodynamic and volumetric properties of
[11], Ahmed [71], Whitson [45], and Danesh [72] are all writ- fluids, especially heavy compounds and their mixtures [31, 63,
ten by reservoir engineers and contain information mainly for 66–68]. Significant attention is given throughout the book on
phase behavior calculations needed in petroleum production how to estimate properties of heavy hydrocarbons, petroleum
and reservoir simulators. However, they contain some useful fractions, crude oils, and reservoir fluids. Most of the methods
information on methods of prediction of some physical prop- developed by Riazi and coworkers [23, 24, 26–33, 51–56, 63,
erties of petroleum fractions. Another good reference book 65–70], which have been in use by the petroleum industry
was written by Tsonopoulos et al. [73] on thermodynamic [47, 75–82], are documented in this book. In addition, a new
and transport properties of coal liquids in the mid 1980s. experimental technique to measure diffusion coefficients in
Although there are many similarities between coal liquids reservoir fluids under reservoir conditions is presented in
and petroleum fractions, the book does not consider crude Chapter 8 [42]. In Chapter 9 some new methods for determi-
oils and reservoir fluids. But it provides some useful correla- nation of onset of solid formation are introduced. Reported
tions for properties of coal liquids. The book by Wauquier [18] experimental data on characteristics and properties of var-
on petroleum refining has several useful chapters on charac- ious oils from different parts of the world are included in
terization and physical properties of petroleum fractions and various chapters for direct evaluations and testing of meth-
finished products. It also provides the test methods accord- ods. Although both gases and liquids are treated in the book,
ing to European standards. Some organizations’ Web sites emphasis is on the liquid fractions. Generally, the methods
also provide information on fluid physical properties. A good of estimation of properties of gases are more accurate than
example of such online information is provided by National those for liquid systems. Most of the methods presented in the
Institute of Standards (http://webbook.nist.gov) which gives book are supported by some scientific basis and they are not
molecular weight, names, formulas, structure, and some data simply empirical correlations derived from a certain group of
on various compounds [74]. data. This widens the application of the methods presented
in the book to different types of oils. However, all basic pa-
rameters and necessary engineering concepts are defined in
1.5.2 Special Features of the Book
a way that is understandable for those nonengineer scientists
This book has objectives and aims that are different from who are working in the petroleum or related industry. Nearly
the books mentioned in Section 1.5.1. The main objective all methods are expressed through mathematical relations so
of this book has been to provide a quick reference in the they are convenient for computer applications; however, most
area of petroleum characterization and properties of various of them are simple such that the properties can be calculated
petroleum fluids for the people who work in the petroleum by hand calculators for a quick estimate whenever applica-
industry and research centers, especially in petroleum pro- ble special methods are given for coal liquid fractions. This is
cessing (downstream), petroleum production (upstream), and another unique feature of this book.
related industries. One special characteristic of the book is its
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discussion on development of various methods which would
help the users of process/reservoir simulators to become fa- 1.6 APPLICATIONS OF THE BOOK
miliar with the nature of characterization and property esti-
mation methods for petroleum fractions. This would in turn The information that is presented in the book may be applied
help them to choose the proper predictive method among the and used in all areas of the petroleum industries: production,

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