Page 233 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

4.5 Impact Categories, Impact Indicators and Characterisation Factors 217

scarcity (a −1 )

Resource R i factor 0.023 0.017 0.0125 0.0022 0.031 0.0055 0.0051 0.0037 0.0093 0.0069 0.0023 0.028 0.071 0.02 0.079 0.015 0.035 0.031 0.006 (continued overleaf)

Static range a (a) 43 60 80 456 32 181 j 195 267 108 144 435 36 14 50 13 67 28 32 180

World annual production (output) (2007) bc 3.906 × 10 9 ta −1 (2007) b 2.94 × 10 12 m 3 a −1 (2006) e 5.37 × 10 9 ta −1 (2006) e 9.14 × 10 8 ta −1 (2007) h 6.22 × 10 4 ta −1 1.77 × 10 8 t (2007) i (2006) k 1.9 × 10 7 ta −1 (2003) l 1.238 × 10 9 ta −1 (newer estimation) 6.22 × 10 6 ta −1 (1990 till now) n 10 6 ta −1 (2003) p 2.53 × 10 4 ta −1 (2002

Resources shortage factors of important abiotic resources.

1.687 × 10 11 t (at the end of 2007) b (at the end of 2007) b 4.309 × 10 11 t (at the end of 2007) b 4.166 × 10 11 t (at the end of 2007) b 2 × 10 6 t (2008) g (2004) b 1.44 × 10 8 t (2006) m (approximately 2007) r

Known reserves 1.968 × 10 11 m 3 1.774 × 10 14 m 3 3.2 × 10 10 t (2006) i 3.7 × 10 9 t (2006) k 3.3 × 10 11 t (2004) l 6.7 × 10 8 1.1 × 10 7 t (2004) o 4.8 × 10 8 t (2002) q 8.5 × 10 7 4.6 × 10 8 t (2004) o 6000 t (approximately 2007) s 1.2 × 10 5 t (2000) q 5.5 × 10 5 t (2006) s 6⋅105 t (2002) s 8 × 10 4 t (2006) t

Table 4.7 Resources Source of Energy Oil Natural gas Hard coal d Brown coal f Uranium (U) Metals/Ores Aluminium (bauxite) Chrome (Cr 2 O 3 ) Iron ore (raw) Manganese (Mn) Nickel (Ni) Tin (Sn) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) Zinc (Zn) Indium (In) Mercury (Hg) Silver (Ag) Cadmium (Cd) Platinum Group (PGM)