Page 234 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

218 4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Resource scarcity (a −1 ) R i factor 0.01 0.040 0.003 0.052

Static range a (a) >100 25 340 19

World annual (output) production (approximately 2007) u (2007) s 5.9 × 10 4 ta −1 (2003) o 1.47 × 10 5 5700 (2006) v

5 × 10 4 ta −1 c The world oil consumption according to the same source (b) 2007 was about 3.953 10 9 t, that is, consumption and delivery are even-balanced. h Correspond to 622 Mt of oil equivalents according to (b), 1 Mt U ≈ 14 × 109 t Stein–Kohle–Einheit (SKE) ≈ 1010 t of oil equivalents. j The value is almost constant since the 1950s, shortage is ho

Known reserves >5 × 10 6 t (approximately 2007) u 1.2–2.0 × 10 6 t (2007) s 5 × 10 7 t (2004) o 1.1 × 10 5 t(notdated) s a Internationally also designated as reserves/production (R/P) ratio b BP 2008; Statistical Review of World Energy 2008: http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview e World Coal of Institutes: Coal Facts 2007, http://www.worldcoal.org g With disman

(Continued) d Hard coal = anthracite + bituminous (BP, 2008). f Sub-bituminous = lignites + brown coal (BP, 2008). k http://www.icdachromium.com m Mineral Commodities Summaries 2007. q http://www.usgs.gov/minerals s http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals u http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements x http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodi

Table 4.7 Resources Other raw materials Antimony (Sb) Arsenic (As) Phosphate (Rock) Bismuth (Bi 2 O 3 )