Page 244 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

228 4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Table 4.8 List of hemerobic levels . a 138)

Hemerobic level Level of naturalness Use/examples

Ahemerobic Natural Uninfluenced ecological system
Oligohemerobic Nearly natural No or occasional use
Mesohemerobic Semi-natural Forestry (mixed woodlands), meadows and
pastures (extensive)
β-Euhemerobic Partly nature-remote Forest mono-cultures, natural fruit
cultivation and biological agriculture
α-Euhemerobic Nature-remote Arable land and garden areas
(conventional agriculture) and viniculture
(intensive)
Polyhemerobic Xenonatural b Sporting areas and landfills
Metahemerobic Artificial Sealed areas

a By insertion of intermediate levels in between levels 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5 as well as 5 and 6 an
overall of 11 hemerobic levels (H0–H10) according to Brentrup et al. (loc. cit.) are obtained. In
Table 1 Brentrup et al., provide examples for each level, which can also be useful for the seven-level
system proposed here.
b Analogy to ‘xenobiotic’ (used for persistant man-made chemicals in the environment). 138)

as an indicator for the protection of nature and (terrestrial) species.Korte et al.
(1992) and Kl¨ opffer (2012b) Additionally soil has other basic functions like its
mere availability for agricultural and other human activities (land occupation) or
functions, regulating water regimes, offering recreation areas, and so on. 139)
There are no unambiguous decisions possible either for an operationalisation
of this impact category or with regard to the choice of a simple parameter that
quantitatively describes all or at least its most important functions. There are
numerous grades between the extremes of completely natural and completely
sealed areas (‘between jungle and parking lot’), which make an application of a
simple pattern difficult or impossible. A demand for natural space related to a fU is
to be assigned to the type of use and the duration of use. Two of these figures can
be expressed by numerical values: space and time. The third figure of qualitative
type is used to characterise the nearness or remoteness towards nature. For this
purpose, the well-known hemerobic levels of ecological landscape assessment can
be used (Table 4.8). 140)

138) Brentrup et al. (2002b), suggest a 11-level scale
139) Kl¨ opffer and Renner (1995), M¨ uller-Wenk (1999a), Koellner (2000), Schenk (2001), Brentrup
et al. (2002b), Lindeijer, M¨ uller-Wenk and Steen (2002), Pennington et al. (2004), Mil` a i Canals
et al. (2007a), Koellner and Scholz (2007) and Michelsen (2008).
140) Peper, Rohner and Winkelbrandt (1985), Kl¨ opffer and Renner (1995), Kowarik (1999), Giegrich
and Sturm (2000) and Brentrup et al. (2002a).