Page 144 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Biological Approach for Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants 125

TABLE 7.2
Groupings of Pharmaceuticals Identified in Rivers in India

S. No River Presence of Pharmaceutical Compounds References
1 Cooum Triclocarban (6.18 µg/L), Ibuprofen (2.32 µg/L), Subedi et al.
Antiplatelet carboxylic acid (1.37 µg/L), Atenolol (2015)
(3.18 µg/L), Amphetamine (0.984 µg/L)
2 Yamuna Ampicillin (13.8 μg/L), Ciprofloxacin (1.4 μg/L), Mutiyar and
Gatifloxacin (0.48 μg/L), Sparfloxacin (2.1 μg/L), Mittal (2014)
Cefuroxime (1.7 μg/L)
3 Kaveri Carbamazepine (13.0 ng/L) Ramaswamy
et al. (2011)
4 Bhavani Triclosan (139 ng/L) Ramaswamy
et al. (2011)
5 Kaveri, Vellar, Naproxen, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, and Shanmugam
and Tamiraparani acetylsalicylic acid (0.66 μg/L) et al. (2013)
6 Vrishabavathi Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, and Trimethoprim, Iyanee et al.
multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms (2013)

(Mutiyar and Mittal, 2014). A level of 13.0 ng/L of carbamazepine was found in
the Kaveri River and 139 ng/L of triclosan in the Bhavani River, a branch of the
Kaveri (Ramaswamy et al., 2011). Naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen,
and acetylsalicylic acid up to 0.66 μg/L were found in the Kaveri, Vellar, and
Tamiraparani Rivers (Shanmugam et al., 2013). As well as erythromycin, chlor-
amphenicol, and trimethoprim, multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms
were found in the Byramangala tank, supplied by the Vrishabavathi River, which
contra-indicates numerous anti-infective agents recommended and consumed in
India (Iyanee et al., 2013). Finally, the presence of abnormal amounts of sulfa-
methoxazole during rainstorms could be related to the high level of overflow from
farmland in the surrounding territories.

7.4.5 pHarMaceuTical process WasTeWaTer
Water is a basic raw material in pharmaceutical and substance-producing operations;
reliable and pure water supplies are required for a range of operations including pro-
duction, material preparation, and cooling. Process water quality administration is
of extraordinary significance in pharmaceutical fabrication and is also a compulsory
prerequisite for the cleaning of containers or therapeutic equipment in other medical
services applications, including water for infusion (WFI). Process wastewaters is a
term used to characterize wastewater in any industry that originates from the pro-
cedures taking place in the business. Process wastewaters in these terms cover any
water that, at the time of assembly or preparation, interacts with the crude materials,
items, intermediates, by-products, or waste items, which are used in various unit
operations or procedures.