Page 151 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

132 Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment

7.5.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be comprehensively characterized as
fluid-stage oxidation techniques in view of the intermediation of highly active spe-
cies, for example, hydroxyl radicals, in the systems, resulting in the destruction of
the target contaminants. The principle of AOPs is heterogeneous and homogeneous
photo-catalysis by ultra-violet (UV) or sunlight-based light. They include electro-
oxidation, the Fenton and photograph Fenton process, and wet air oxidation, and
recent additions to this classification are ultrasound illumination and microwave
treatment.
Due to the low biodegradability of numerous pharmaceuticals, the generally used
treatment procedures are not sufficiently powerful for the complete of such species,
and the release of treated effluents into receiving waters can cause contamination
with these smaller-scale toxins. These compounds discharged into nature in this
manner have ended up being sufficiently high to have a poisonous impact on natu-
ral living beings. Depending on the nature of the pharmaceutical discharge and the
treatment goal (elimination or change), AOPs can be used either alone or combined
with other physio-synthetic and biological processes.

7.5.2.2.1 Incineration
Burning waste to be treated with an overabundance of oxidizing air in the incinerator
ignition response, so that the toxins contained in the wastewater are eliminated by
high-temperature oxidative decay, is an incorporated high-temperature treatment of
significant oxidation frames. Burning can significantly decrease the volume of waste
water and dispose of a considerable quantity of these harmful substances with the
production of heat. This strategy enables the complete oxidation of waste into safe
substances with a COD removal efficiency of 99.5%. The reasonings for managing
high customary substances or higher calorific estimations of misuse is thoroughly
respected. Through the natural substance of the waste water is less, it might be added
to the helper fuel.

7.5.2.3 Hybrid Technologies
Hybrid technologies are combinations of ordinary/progressed treatment innovations
for the total destruction of pharmaceutical contaminants. The need for a combined
approach emerges from the fact that none of the single treatment innovations can
eliminate all compounds. There are various mixed approaches that have been used
for the treatment of obstinate toxins and in addition, to reduce the cost of the treat-
ment procedure. Basically, the approach uses regular filtration technology to remove
any strong matrix, and the sludge is evacuated for burning. The resulting wastewater
is then treated by the specific mix of procedures.

7.5.3 TreaTMenT MeTHoDologies for HospiTal effluenTs
Hospital wastewater can represent a health hazard to people, particularly workers at
WWTPs. Amid substantial rains and flooding, holding tanks in the sewer framework
can flood. There is additionally a danger to marine life. Once the sewage is dealt with