Page 218 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Green and Eco-Friendly Materials for Removal of Phosphorus
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment

10 Green and Eco-Friendly

Materials for the

Removal of Phosphorus

from Wastewater

Shraddha Khamparia, Dipika Jaspal, and
Arti Malviya

CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................199
10.1.1 Toxic Materials in Water ..................................................................200
10.1.2 Harmful Effects of Phosphorus ........................................................201
10.2 Available Technologies for Phosphorus Removal ........................................202
10.2.1 Removal from Various Sources ........................................................203
10.2.2 Removal from Wastewater ................................................................203
10.2.3 Use of Green and Eco-Friendly Materials ........................................205
10.3 Phosphorus Recycling ...................................................................................209
10.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 211
References .............................................................................................................. 211

10.1 INTRODUCTION
The prodigious growth of various industries during industrialization and urbaniza-
tion has degraded the quality of water, which is one of the most vital substances
required for the sustenance of living species. The perpetual unloading of harmful
industrial and municipal wastes into water resources detrimentally affects living
organisms directly or indirectly. However, aquatic pollution of any kind disturbs the
exquisite balance maintained by nature (Masters and Ela, 1991; Gupta et al., 2015;
Malviya et al., 2015). About 97% of the total water in the planet lies in the oceans
and is accompanied by a high concentration of salts, making it unfit for consumption.
Besides acting as a sink for industrial and sewage wastes, sea water is also used as
a coolant in thermal power stations (Hammer, 1986). Although desalination tech-
niques are widely available, they are economically unfeasible due to the need for a
large capital investment. Thus, the only fresh water available for different purposes
is the 3% of water in the form of glaciers (68.7%), ground water (30.1%), and surface
water (1.2%). Water for different purposes is withdrawn from the limited sources of
fresh water such as lakes, rivers, and ponds.

199