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training and job experience instead – the points Canadian Anti-Racist Feminist Thought.
accorded for these occupations decreased, even Toronto: Women’s Press. pp. 207–33.
though there was clearly a continuing demand for Bakan, Abigail and Stasiulis Daiva (eds.) (1997)
such workers (see, e.g., Arat-Koc, 1999; Bakan and Not One of the Family. Toronto: University of
Stasiulis, 1997; Calliste, 1989; Daenzer, 1993, espe-
cially Chapter 5, for details). Toronto Press.
28 There have been numerous changes over Beach, Charles M., Green, Alan G. and
the years, some more, some less restrictive, in the Reitz, Jeffrey G. (eds.) (2003) Canadian
regulations for live-in domestic workers. After a Immigration Policy for the 21st Century.
period of relative openness through the 1950s (when Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s
many candidates were European), the tendency has University Press.
been towards increased restriction, which Daenzer Bernier, Ivan and Ruiz Fabri, Hélène (2002) ‘Éval-
(1993) and Arat-Koc (1999) have qualified as inden- uation de la faisabilité juridique d’un instru-
ture. Incremental improvements have typically ment international sur la diversité culturelle’,
required intensive lobbying by the domestic workers’
association, INTERCEDE, with some support from document préparé pour le Groupe de travail
Canadian liberals and feminists. franco-québécois sur la diversité culturelle,
29 The introduction of spousal authorizations Groupe de travail franco-québécois sur la
invites analysis: does it reflect increasing numbers of diversité culturelle.
women among the professionals and technical work- Bobb-Smith, Yvonne (2003) I Know Who I Am.
ers on temporary permits and the ‘need’ to make pro- Toronto: Scholars’ Press/Women’s Press.
vision for their husbands? the ‘need’ to facilitate two Calliste, Agnes (1989) ‘Canada’s Immigration
income households in the upper middle class? or ...? Policy and Domestics from the Caribbean:
30 See Plourde (2000) for a study of the evolution
of linguistic policies in Québec. The Second Domestic Scheme’, in J. Vorst
31 On the recent evolution of Québec’s linguistic et al. (eds.) Race, Class and Gender: Bonds
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32 This conclusion is also expressed by Léon Dion Society for Socialist Studies. pp. 133–66.
(1980). Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2002)
Facts and Figures. Ottawa.
Clement, Wallace and Vosko, Leah (eds.) (2003)
Changing Canada: Political Economy as
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