Page 495 - A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems

508 Index

D insolation, 351, 352
Daily levelized cost of energy (LCOE D ), 495, 496 power demand, 351, 352
Department of Energy (DOE) Sunshot renewable generation, 351
Initiative, 56 wind-power generation, 351, 352
Depositions, 234 net energy analysis of storing and curtailing
Desensitized solar cell (DSSCs), 237 solar PV resources
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 241 EES, 354, 356
Distributed energy resources (DERs), 77 grid EROI grid values, 355, 356
DOE Loan Guarantee Program, 70 per cycle carbon intensity, 357
Downconversion (DC) process, photovoltaics storage technologies, 358
antireflection coating, 290 Energy costs
dye-sensitized solar cells, 292 direct, 411
materials, 291 indirect, 411
organic solar cells, 293 materials, 457
perovskite solar cells, 293 Cu mining and refining, 459, 460
silicon and GaAs-based solar cells, 292 downstream energy consumption costs,
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) 460, 461
downconversion, 292 economic rationale, 458
upconversion, 285 estimates of, 461, 463
global mining sector vs. total energy
E consumption, 458, 459
Ecological impacts and responses, 396–398 Energy payback time (EPBT), 256, 257, 441
air-cooled condensers and high energy flux, definition, 428
401 and EROI, 412, 419, 420
habitat fragmentation, 398 major commercial PV systems, 435
panels and mirrors, 400 of PV power systems, 429
roads, transmission lines and fences, 398 Energy return on investment (EROI), 422, 441
Electrical energy storage (EES), 354, 356 basic procedure, 409
Electricity conversion efficiency, 299, 312, 313 definition, 407, 430
Electricity Surcharge Due to renewable Energy direct energy costs, 411
(ESRE), 27, 28 for electric generation systems, 408, 411
Electron transport layer (ETL), 237, 238, 240, 244 vs. energy output, 408, 409
Emitter wrap-through (EWT), 436 and energy payback times, 412, 419, 420
Energiewende, in Germany, 470 extended boundary analysis, 409
Energy and carbon intensities, solar PV energy global values of, 408
characteristics for storage indirect energy costs, 411
carbon data, 353 for oil and gas, 408
grid-scale storage, 353 overlapping energy input accounting
total energy, 354, 355 methods
volumetric and specific energy densities, life cycle analysis, 413
354 net energy analysis, CED, 415, 416
generation technology life cycle, 356, 357 results, 414
need for storage standard EROI calculation, 409
energy storage capacity, 351 for thermal fuels, 408, 410
global storage capacity, 351, 352 United Kingdom, 417–419