Page 499 - A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems

512 Index

O P
Optical annealing process, 243 Parabolic dishes, 142
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) Parabolic-trough collectors, 130
challenges and opportunities applications, 133
cost of materials and device fabrication, components, 131
271, 273 working fluids, 132
current-voltage characteristics, 264, 266 Parabolic-trough collectors (PTC), 130
internal electrodes, 264 applications, 133
long-term stability, 270 components, 131
multijunction, 264 working fluids, 132
open-circuit voltage, 264, 265 Paris Climate Accord, 64
power conversion efficiency, 263, 264, Paris Climate Agreement, 474, 475
265, 270 Paris Climate Change Agreement, 473
single junction, 264 Paris Conference of the United Nations
triple heterojunction, 264 Framework Convention on Climate
consumer electronics, 258 Change, 8
device structure Passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC)
BHJ, 262, 263 cell, 196
bilayer device architecture, 262, 263 Performance ratio (PR), 429
exciton diffusion bottleneck, 262 Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), 367
EPBT, 257 absorption coefficient, 235
low processing temperature, 257 crystal structure, 233, 234
operating principles device optimization, 240
charge carriers, 259–261 band gap optimization, 243
conjugation length, 260 electron and hole transporting materials
donor-acceptor heterojunction, optimization, 244
261, 262 solvent to film optimization, 241, 242
electron affinity, 260 device structure, 237
electron extraction layer, 262 mesoporous scaffold structure, 238, 239
Frenkel exciton, 260, 261 planar structure, 240, 241
hole extraction layer, 262 downconversion, 293
HOMO, 259, 260 J–V hysteresis, 246
ionization potential, 260 open circuit voltage, 235
LUMO, 259, 260 photo-conversion efficiency, 235
opaque metal electrode, 262 solid-state, 234
photon absorption, 259–261 stability issues, 245
physical processes, 259 thin film fabrication/formation, 235
strong coupling, 259 single step solution deposition, 236, 237
van der Waals interactions, 259, 260 thermal vapor deposition, 237
porphyrin derivatives, 257 two step sequential deposition, 236, 237
vacuum processed small molecule, 256 two step vapor assisted deposition, 236
Organic semiconductor, 257, 258, 262, 265–268 upconversion, 288
Organic solar cells Urbach energy, 235
downconversion, 293 Phase-locked loop (PLL) technology, 329, 330
upconversion, 287 Photo-conversion efficiency (PCE), 235, 243