Page 225 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

D u r i n g , f o r , i n , o v e r , a n d t h r o u g h o u t ; Dy a n a
D y ana
over,
throughout;
and
in,
During,
for,
u n t i l
until
During, for, in, over, throughout
During, for, in, over, throughout
use during or in to talk about something that happens within a particular period of time:
We
We use during or in to talk about something that happens within a particular period of time:
(or ...in the last...)
• * The population of the city has actually fallen during the last decade.
The population of the city has actually fallen during the last decade, (or ...in the last...)
(or ...in her four
She didn't take a holiday during her four years as head of the company.
• ¢ She didn't take a holiday during her four years as head of the company, (or ...in her four
years...)
years...)
(or In the time...)
During the time that I was in Paris, I only once saw the River Seine, (or In the time...)
• ¢ During the time that I was in Paris, I only once saw the River Seine.
same
during rather than in when we talk about something that happens within the
time
use
We use during rather than in when we talk about something that happens within the same time
We
another event or activity rather than over a particular period of time:
as as another event or activity rather than over a particular period of time:
Mrs Newton came into our classroom during a maths test.
9 • « Mrs Newton came into our classroom during a maths test.
speech during a visit to Madrid.
• ¢ The President made the speech during a visit to Madrid.
The President made the
particular
the
also
for
whole
something continues
emphasise that
during when we
prefer
of a
We
We also prefer during when we emphasise that something continues for the whole of a particular
of time:
period of time:
period
its time in port.
• « No-one was allowed to leave the ship during (the whole of) its time in port.
No-one was allowed to leave the ship during (the whole of)
express
a
similar meaning:
also
use
throughout to
We can also use throughout to express a similar meaning:
We can
We had enough firewood to keep us warm during (the whole of) the winter. (or...warm
• * We had enough firewood to keep us warm during (the whole of) the winter, (or...warm
throughout the winter.)
throughout the winter.)
over or
a
13 We can use over or during when we talk about an event or activity that goes on for a length of
length of
during when we talk about an event or activity that goes on
for
We can use
whole
within
the
of it:
a
period of time,
for
for
some
of that
either
or
period
time
time within a period of time, either for some of that period or for the whole of it:
Weather conditions have been improving over/during the past few days.
• ¢ Weather conditions have been improving over/during the past few days.
banged my head, and can't remember anything about what happened over/during the
fell,
• ¢ I I fell, banged my head, and can't remember anything about what happened over/during the
or
hour
so.
next
next hour or so.
if we talk about
having
activity
little
event
an
duration that happens within
or
a
However,
However, if we talk about an event or activity having little duration that happens within a
during:
we prefer
of time,
period of time, we prefer during:
period
• * She sneezed during the performance, (not ...over the performance.)
She sneezed during the performance. (not ...over the performance.)
• ¢ During a pause in the conversation, she left the room, (not Over a pause...)
During a pause in the conversation, she left the room. (not Over a pause...)
We use for to say how long something continues, and during to say when something takes place:
We use for to say how long something continues, and during to say when something takes place:
(not
in
...during...)
only come
for a few minutes,
You can
• * You can only come in for a few minutes. (not ...during...)
of days,
ill
after that,
felt
but was
for a
couple
(not ...during...)
fine
• ¢ I I felt ill for a couple ofdays, but was fine after that. (not ...during...)
during a party
ill
we were at in
of us were taken
(not ...for
a party...)
York,
• ¢ About ten of us were taken ill during a party we were at in York. (not ...for a party...)
About ten
(not ...for the training
will get plenty
experience
the training period,
of practical
during
• * You will get plenty of practical experience during the trainingperiod. (not ...for the training
You
period...)
period...)
By, until
By, until

until when we
say that something
use
We use by when we say that something will We We have to up to at the stadium until 2.30.
We use by when we say that something will } We use until when we say that something
e
before
achieved
or
be
a particular time.
either
a
will continue up to a particular time.
will continue
happen or be achieved either before a
happen
latest.
at that
time
the
at
or
time
particular time or at that time at the latest.
particular

We have to be at the stadium by 2.30.
be
• « We have to be at the stadium until 2.30.
• ¢ We have to be at the stadium by 2.30.
leave
(That's when the competition starts.)
before
that time.)
(That's when the competition starts.)
(We can't leave before that time.)
(We can't
She learned German by the
She learned German until the age of 16.
age of 16.
• ¢ She learned German by the age of 16.
• ¢ She learned German until the age of 16.

(Then she stopped learning it.)
she
(She could speak it fluently when she
(She could speak it fluently when
(Then she stopped learning it.)
age.)
reached that age.)
reached that
before':
means 'not
until
In negative sentences, until means 'not before’:
In negative sentences,
until your birthday.
You mustn't open your presents until your birthday.
You mustn't open your presents
• ¢«
informal
till instead
use
we can
English
of until.
In In informal English we can use till instead of until.
By: how something is done =
In: time =» IffltXTiTl
For: reasons => BBnTH In: fme => GRETA By. how somehig is done => FEET
For. reasons => FETA